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A thematic map is a map that illustrates more than simply geographical relationships or locations, but rather also portrays themes, patterns, or data relating to physical, social, medical, economic, political, or any other aspect of a region or location. Examples include maps that show variations of population density, climate data, wealth, voting intentions, or life expectancy with geographical location. These tools have become central to the work of scientists, practitioners, and students in nearly every field, from epidemiology to political science, and are familiar to members of the public as a common means of expressing complicated and multivariate information in easily understood graphical formats.
This set of three volumes on Thematic Cartography considers maps as information constructs resulting from a number of successive information transformations and the products of decision stages, integrated into a logical reasoning and the order of those choices. It thereby provides a thorough understanding of the theoretical basis for thematic mapping, as well as the means of applying the various techniques and methodologies in order to create a desired analytical presentation.
This first volume introduces the basics of thematic cartography. The authors present the transformations necessary to the production - using a scientific approach - of any thematic map. Four stages are detailed: from geographic entities to cartographic objects; the [XY] transformation; the [XYZ] cartographic transformations; and the semiotic transformation. Technical aspects giving map-reading keys are also included.
Colette Cauvin was formerly Professor of Geography at the Louis Pasteur University of Strasbourg, France. Francisco Escobar is Professor of Geography at the University of Alcala, Spain.
Aziz Serradj is Lecturer of Geography at the Louis Pasteur University of Strasbourg, France.
Autorentext
Colette Cauvin was formerly Professor of Geography at the Louis Pasteur University of Strasbourg, France.
Francisco Escobar is Professor of Geography at the University of Alcala, Spain.
Aziz Serradj is Lecturer of Geography at the Louis Pasteur University of Strasbourg, France.
Inhalt
Foreword xi
General Introduction xix
PART I. CARTOGRAPHY: AN EVOLVING SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINE 1
Part I. Introduction 3
Chapter 1. A Brief History of Thematic Cartography 5
1.1. From cartography to thematic cartography 5
1.1.1. The Middle Ages in the West: symbolic maps 6
1.1.2. From the Renaissance to the 19th century: resurgence of cartography due to discoveries and innovations 6
1.1.3. The 20th century: widespread acceleration 8
1.2. Thematic cartography from its birth until the 1950s 9
1.2.1. Towards an abstract code and adapted procedures 10
1.2.2. The 20th century: the birth of a scientific discipline 11
1.3. Main trends from 1950 until after 2000 12
1.3.1. Remarkable facts 12
1.3.2. From 1950 to 1975: paradigms and the technological revolution 14
1.3.3. From 1975 to 1995: a diversified evolution 17
1.3.4. A new paradigm for the 21st century: geovisualization (1995-2009) 20
1.3.5. The specific views of W. Bunge and W. Tobler 22
1.4. Conclusion 23
Chapter 2. Cartography: A Discipline of Transformations 25
2.1. The discipline and its output 25
2.1.1. From a map 25
2.1.2. to cartography 33
2.2. Categories of maps and cartography 40
2.2.1. Maps galore 40
2.2.2. From cartography to cartographies 45
2.3. Functions of maps and of cartography 51
2.3.1. Four essential functions of maps 51
2.3.2. A map as a logical series of transformations 53
2.4. Conclusion 62
Chapter 3. The Map a Construction Based on Scientific Reasoning 63
3.1. Terms to be defined 63
3.1.1. Approach 63
3.1.2. Scientific 64
3.1.3. Experimental 64
3.1.4. Experimental scientific approach 65
3.2. From scientific approach to cartographic reasoning 65
3.2.1. Heuristic thematic and cartographic phase 66
3.2.2. The verification phase exclusively disciplinary logic 72
3.3. The demonstration phase dominated by cartographic logic 73
3.3.1. From real world to a cartographic object 73
3.3.2. At the core of the process: mapmaking (T3 and T4) 76
3.3.3. A completely revolutionized step: the display transformation (T5) 78
3.4. Conclusion 81
Part I. Conclusion 83
PART II. DATA CONSTRUCTION: A TRANSFORMATION DEFINING THE QUALITY OF THE MAP 85
Part II. Introduction 87
Chapter 4. Localized Data: the Specialty of Cartography 91
4.1. Characteristics of spatial data 93
4.1.1. Characteristics related to the topic treated 93
4.1.2. Scale constraints and its implications 97
4.1.3. The choice of a projection system 99
4.1.4. Data characteristics in numerical form 104
4.2. The acquisition of localized data: a domain in revival 110
4.2.1. Indirect data collection 111
4.2.2. Direct data collection 122
4.3. From the cartographic generalization to the change of spatial base 129
4.3.1. A crucial transformation: generalization 129
4.3.2. Modifications in the spatial base 139
4.4. Conclusion 144
Chapter 5. Attributes: the Specificity of Thematic Cartography 147
5.1. The need to harmonize vocabulary 147
5.1.1. From raw data to information 147
5.1.2. Around the attributes 149
5.2. Highly heterogenous sources 149
5.2.1. From the existence of a source to its availability 150
5.2.2. Data that need to be created 151
5.3. Raw data, information and measurements 153
5.3.1. From geographical entities to measurement 153
5.3.2. Attributes: dimension and significance 162
5.3.3. Attributes and characteristics 167
5.4. Conclusion 169 **Chapter 6. Locations and Attributes: Quality Criteria 171</b&...