/ 7 It is eleven years since the first edition of this book was published and six years since the second edition. There have been many advances in renal physiology over these years, a fact demonstrated by a comparison of the index of this new edition with that of 11 years ago. For example, words in the index of this edition which do not appear in the first edition include atrial natriuretic peptide, dopamine, erythropoietin, nitric oxide and prorenin. For this new edition, there are many completely new sections, includ­ ing a new chapter on tubular transport mechanisms, a section on the bladder and micturition and sections on the renal handling of magne­ sium, renal function in pregnancy and age-related changes in function. The accounts of renin synthesis, the actions of atrial natriuretic peptide and the mechanisms of ammonia secretion, have been rewritten and updated. The presentation of the book for this third edition is also new. The majority of the figures have been redrawn and 'boxes' have been included to present additional material (particularly information of clinical relevance), which can be read separately from the main text. The most popular features of the book - notably its cOllciseness and logical progression through renal physiology - have been retained.

Inhalt

1 The body fluids.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Body water.- 1.3 Body fluid osmolality.- 1.4 Distribution of ions across biological membranes.- 1.5 Fluid exchanges between body compartments.- 1.6 Fluid exchanges between the body and the external environment.- 1.7 Ionic composition of the body fluids.- 1.8 Ion exchanges between the body and the external environment.- 1.9 Body fluid compartments: methods of measurement.- Further reading.- Problems.- 2 Essential anatomy of the kidney.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 General morphology and cellular organization.- 2.3 Blood supply and vascular structure within the kidney.- 2.4 Renal lymphatic drainage.- 2.5 Juxtaglomerular apparatus.- 3 Glomerular filtration.- 3.1 The filter.- 3.2 Glomerular filtration process.- 3.3 Composition of the glomerular filtrate.- 3.4 Filtration fraction.- 3.5 Tubulo-glomerular feedback.- Further reading.- Problems.- 4 Tubular transport.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Primary and secondary active transport.- 4.3 Ion channels.- 4.4 Paracellular movement.- 4.5 Water absorption.- 5 The proximal tubule.- 5.1 Morphology of proximal tubule cells.- 5.2 Proximal tubular handling of sodium.- 5.3 Uptake of NaCl and water into peritubular capillaries.- 5.4 Relationship of proximal tubule reabsorption to glomerular filtration rate.- 5.5 Proximal tubular reabsorption of other solutes.- 5.6 Secretory processes in the proximal tubule.- Further reading.- Problem.- 6 The loop of Henle, distal tubule and collecting duct.- 6.1 The loop of Henle.- 6.2 Collecting tubules.- 6.3 Importance of urea in countercurrent multiplication.- 6.4 Further requirements of the countercurrent multiplication mechanism: the vasa recta.- 6.5 Long and short loops of Henle.- 6.6 Regulation of urine concentration.- 6.7 Other hormones affecting distal nephron transport processes.- Further reading.- 7 Renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate.- 7.1 Measurement of renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate.- 7.2 Regulation of renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate.- Further reading.- Problem.- 8 Regulation of body fluid osmolality.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Osmoreceptors.- 8.3 Regulation of water excretion and water reabsorption.- Further reading.- 9 Regulation of body fluid volume.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Aldosterone.- 9.3 Renin and angiotensin, and their relationship to aldosterone.- 9.4 Starling forces and proximal tubular sodium reabsorption.- 9.5 Renal nerves.- 9.6 Prostaglandins.- 9.7 Atrial natriuretic peptide.- 9.8 Other factors which may be involved in regulating sodium excretion.- 9.9 ADH and the relationship between osmotic regulation and volume regulation.- 9.10 Overall scheme of body fluid volume regulation.- Further reading.- 10 Renal regulation of body fluid pH.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Physiological buffers.- 10.3 Renal regulation of plasma bicarbonate concentration.- 10.4 Regulation of H+ secretion according to acid - base balance requirements.- Further reading.- Problem.- 11 Renal control of body fluid potassium content.- 11.1 Importance of K+in the body.- 11.2 Regulation of body K+.- 11.3 Hypokalaemia.- 11.4 Hyperkalaemia.- Further reading.- 12 Renal regulation of body calcium, magnesium and phosphate.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Calcium.- 12.3 Phosphate.- 12.4 Calcium and phosphate homeostasis.- 12.5 Magnesium.- Further reading.- 13 Summary of the principal reabsorptive and secretory processes in the nephron segments.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 Sodium.- 13.3 Water.- 13.4 Potassium.- 13.5 Hydrogen ions and HCO3-.- 13.6 Phosphate.- 13.7 Calcium.- 13.8 Glucose.- 13.9 Urea and other nitrogenous waste products.- 14 Disease conditions which alter renal sodium and water reabsorption.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 Oedema.- 14.3 Congestive heart failure.- 14.4 Hypovolaemia and shock.- 14.5 Hypertension.- 14.6 Liver disease.- 14.7 Nephrotic syndrome.- Further reading.- 15 Use of diuretics.- 15.1 Introduction.- 15.2 Osmotic diuretics.- 15.3 Aldosterone antagonists.- 15.4 Triamterene and amiloride.- 15.5 Loop diuretics.- 15.6 Thiazides.- 15.7 Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.- 15.8 Clinical use of diuretics.- Further reading.- Answers to problems.