Catecholamines are important transmitter substances in the autonomic and central nervous systems. These two volumes provide a comprehensive presentation of the state-of-the-art of catecholamine research and development in the past 15 years. The volumes present in-depth reviews of topical areas of catecholamine research in which substantial progress has been made and which are of current interest to various theoretical and clinical disciplines. Each topic has been dealt with by an established expert. Clinical subjects of relevant importance are included. Catecholamines are of interest in pharmacology, physiology, biochemistry, as well as in neurology, psychiatry, internal medicine (cardiology, hypertension, asthma), ophthalmology and anesthesiology.

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1 Transport and Storage of Catecholamines in Vesicles.- A. Introduction.- B. Biogenesis.- I. Formation and Types of Vesicles.- II. Biogenesis of Proteins, Mucopolysaccharides and Phospholipids.- III. Biogenesis of Catecholamines.- IV. Biogenesis of ATP.- C. Uptake.- I. Uptake of Catecholamines.- 1. Dependence on Temperature: Nucleotide and Ionic Requirements.- 2. Specificity of the Uptake of Catecholamines: Structure-Uptake Relationship.- 3. Stereospecificity of the Uptake of Catecholamines.- 4. Uptake of Catecholamines into Different Synaptic Vesicles of the Brain.- 5. Effects of Drugs on the Uptake of Catecholamines.- a. Inhibition by Drugs which Deplete Catecholamines.- b Inhibition by Monoamines.- 6. Ontogenesis of the Uptake of Catecholamines into Synaptic Vesicles.- II. Uptake of Nucleotides.- III. Uptake of Ascorbate.- IV. Enzymes Involved in the Uptake of Catecholamines, Nucleotides and Ascorbate.- 1. ATPase.- 2. Phosphoryl Group-Transferring Enzymes.- 3. Electron-Transferring Enzymes.- V. Uptake of Calcium.- VI. Utilization of Energy Required for Uptake.- 1. pH of Chromaffin Granules.- 2. Ion Movements Across the Chromaffin Granule Membrane.- a. Ion Permeability of the Membrane.- b. Generation of an Electrochemical Gradient Across the Membrane.- 3. Bioenergetic Aspects of the Uptake of Catecholamines and ATP.- D. Stroage.- I. Storage in Chromaffin Granules.- II. Storage in Synaptic Vesicles.- E. References.- 2 Occurrence and Mechanism of Exocytosis in Adrenal Medulla and Sympathetic Nerve.- A. Introduction.- B. Evidence for Exocytosis.- I. Adrenal Medulla.- 1. Biochemical Evidence for Exocytosis.- a. Secretion of Soluble Proteins from Chromaffin Granules.- b. Secretion of Other Soluble Constituents of Chromaffin Granules.- c. Retention of Membrane Constituents During Secretion..- d. Exposure of Membrane Antigens of Chromaffin Granules on Cell Surface During Secretion.- 2. Morphological Evidence for Exocytosis.- 3. Exocytosis: An All or None Release Process.- 4. The Fate of the Granule Membrane After Exocytosis.- 5. Conclusions.- II. Sympathetic Nerve.- 1. Biochemical Evidence for Exocytosis.- a. Secretion of Chromogranin A, Dopamin ß-Hydroxylase and Enkephalin.- b. Secretion of Other Constituents from Noradrenaline Storage Vesicles.- c. Conclusions.- 2. Morphological Evidence for Exocytosis.- 3. Immunohistochemical Evidence for Exocytosis.- 4. Electrophysiological Evidence for Exocytosis.- 5. The Contribution of Large and Small Dense Core Vesicles to Exocytosis and Their Possible Relationship.- 6. Conclusions.- C. Mechanism of Exocytosis.- I. Molecular Organization of Membranes Involved in Exocytosis.- II. Additional Factors Necessary for Exocytosis.- 1. Metabolic Energy.- 2. Calcium.- 3. Cyclic Nucleotides.- 4. Protein Kinase C, Polyphosphoinositide Metabolism and Contents GTP-Binding Proteins.- 5. Metalloendoprotease.- III. The Mechanism of Membrane Attachment.- 1. The Role of Contractile Proteins.- 2. The Role of Changes in the Charge of Granule Membranes.- a. Phosphorylation of Phosphatidylinositol.- b. Phosphorylation of Proteins of Granule Membranes.- c. Methylation of Granule Membrane Components.- 3. The Role of Calcium and Specific Proteins.- 4. Conclusions.- IV. Mechanism of Fusion.- 1. The Behaviour of Membrane Proteins During Fusion.- 2. The Role of Lipids in Fusion.- 3. Relationship of Fusion and Mg2+-ATP Release Reaction..- V. Experimental Models for Elucidating the Mechanism of Exocytosis in Adrenal Medulla.- VI. General Conclusions.- D. References.- 3 Monamine Oxidase.- A. Introduction.- B. Classification.- C. Distribution and Localization.- D. Properties of the Enzyme.- I. Molecular Weight.- II. Cofactors.- 1. Flavin.- 2. Metal Ions.- III. The Active Site.- E. Kinetics of the Reaction.- F. Reaction Mechanism.- G. Specificity.- H. The Influence of Membrane Environment.- J. Multiple Forms.- I. Electrophoretic Studies.- II. Selective Inhibitors.- III. Substrate Specificities.- IV. Other Evidence for Multiple Forms.- V. The Nature of the Two Forms.- VI. Evidence for an Association of Type A Activity with Neurones.- K. Multiple Forms as an In Vivo Reality and Their Function.- I. Evidence from Animal Studies.- II. Evidence from Human Studies.- L. Inhibitors.- I. Classification and Mechanism of Action.- 1. Hydrazines.- 2. Cyclopropylamines.- 3. Propargylamines.- 4. Reversible Inhibitors.- II. Selectivity of MAO Inhibition - Acute vs. Chronic Studies.- III. Pharmacological Actions of MAO Inhibitors.- 1. Interaction with Centrally-Acting Drugs.- 2. Potentiation of Peripheral Effects of Sympathomimetic Amines.- a. Effects of Inhibition of Extraneuronal MAO on the Actions of Indirect Sympathomimetic Amines.- b. Effects of Inhibition of Neuronal MAO on the Actions of Indirect Sympathomimetic Amines.- 3. Effects on Blood Pressure.- 4. Other Pharmacological Effects of MAO Inhibitors.- M. Physiological Role and Functional Activity of MAO; Biochemical and Behavioural Correlates.- N. Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders: MAO Activity and MAO Inhibitors as Drugs.- I. Depressive Illness.- II. Parkinson's Disease.- O. Future Perspectives.- P. Addendum.- Q. References.- 4 The Transport of Amines Across the Axonal Membranes of Noradrenergic and Dopaminergic Neurones.- A. Introduction.- B. Neuronal Uptake.- I. Terminology and Methodology.- 1. Definition of Terms.- 2. Methodological Considerations.- II. Characteristics of Neuronal Uptake.- 1. Basic Properties.- 2. Structural Requirements.- 3. Temperature-Dependence and Metabolic Requirements.- 4. Ionic Requirements.- III. Inhibitors of Neuronal Uptake.- 1. Cocaine.- 2. Tricyclic Antidepressants and Related Compounds..- 3. Irreversible Uptake Inhibitors.- 4. Monovalent Cations.- 5. Binding Studies with Inhibitors of Neuronal Uptake.- C. Neuronal Amine Metabolism.- I. Formation of Metabolites Through MAO Activity.- II. Is There any Intraneuronal Formation of O-Methylated Metabolites?.- D. Neuronal Efflux.- I. Terminology and Methodology.- II. Spontaneous Neuronal Efflux.- III. Carrier-Mediated Neuronal Efflux.- 1. Efflux Induced by Phenylethylamines.- 2. Efflux Induced by Changes in Transmembrane Ion Gradients.- E. Proposed Mechanism of Neuronal Uptake: A Summing up.- I. General Considerations.- II. Models Accounting for the Ion-Dependence.- F. References.- 5 The Mechanism of Action of Indirectly Acting Sympathomimetic Amines.- A. Introduction.- B. The Adrenergic Nerve Ending.- I. Inward Transport by Uptake1.- II. The Outward Transport of Noradrenaline.- III. The Effect of Reserpine-like Drugs.- C. The Experimental Models.- I. Adrenergic Nerve Endings After Inhibition of Vesicular Uptake and of MAO.- II. Adrenergic Nerve Endings After Inhibition of MAO..- III. Intact Adrenergic Nerve Endings.- D. Carrier-Mediated Uptake of (+)-Amphetamine.- E. The Release of 3H-Noradrenaline After Inhibition of MAO and of Vesicular Uptake.- F. Factors Involved in the Release of Axoplasmic 3H-Noradrenaline.- I. Facilitated Exchange Diffusion.- H. The Co-transport of Sodium.- III. The Co-transport of Chloride.- IV. Inhibition of Neuronal Re-uptake.- G. The Release of 3H-Noradrenaline from Adrenergic Nerve Endings with Intact Storage Vesicles and Int…