One: History and Synthesis of Calixarenes.- Single Step Synthesis and Properties of Calixarenes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Single Step Synthesis of Calixarenes.- 2.1. Base-Induced Procedures.- 2.2. Acid-Catalyzed Procedures.- 2.3. Thermally Induced Procedures.- 3. Synthesis of Functionalized Calixarenes.- 3.1. Introduction of Substituents on the 'Lower Rim' of Phenol-Derived Calixarenes.- 3.1.1. Ester and Ether Formation with Monofunctionalized Reagents.- 3.1.2. Esterification and Etherification with Polyfunctionalized Reagents.- 3.2. Introduction of Substituents on the 'Upper Rim' of Phenol-Derived Calixarenes.- 3.2.1. Dealkylation of p-Alkylcalixarenes.- 3.2.2. Electrophilic Substitution Route.- 3.2.3. p-Claisen Rearrangement Route.- 3.2.4. p-Quinonemethide Route.- 3.2.5. p-Chloromethylation Route.- 3.3. Introduction of Substituents at the 'Upper Rim' of Resorcinol-Derived Calixarenes.- 3.4. Introduction of Functional Groups at the Methylene Bridges of Calixarenes.- 4. Physical Properties of Calixarenes.- 4.1. Melting Points.- 4.2. Solubilities.- 4.3. Spectral Properties of Calixarenes.- 4.3.1. Infrared Spectra.- 4.3.2. Ultraviolet Spectra.- 4.3.3. NMR Spectra.- 4.3.4. Mass Spectra.- 5. Concluding Comments.- References.- Special Calixarenes, Synthesis and Properties.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Stepwise Synthesis of Calixarenes.- 3. Fragment Condensation.- 4. Selective Functionalization.- 5. The First Acidity Constant of Calix[4]arenes.- 6. Chiral Calix[4]arenes.- 7. Bridged Calixarenes.- 8. Double Calixarenes and Future Directions.- References.- Two: X-Ray Structural Data on Calixarene Architectures.- Conformations of Calixarenes in the Crystalline State.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Conformations and Structures of Some Precursors.- 3. Conformations of Calixarenes.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Conformations of Calix[4]arenes.- 3.2.1. Calix[4]arenes with a Fourfold Axis.- 3.2.3. Calix[4]arenes with Symmetry Planes.- 3.2.3. Calix[4]arenes with a Twofold Axis.- 3.2.4. Calix[4]arenes in the Cone Conformation with No Particular Symmetry.- 3.3. Conformations of Calix[5]arenes.- 3.4. Conformations of Calix[6]arenes.- 3.4.1. Calix[6]arenes with Symmetry Planes.- 3.4.2. Calix[6]arenes in the Centrosymmetrical Conformation.- 3.5. Conformations of Calix[7]arenes.- 3.6. Conformations of Calix[8]arenes.- 3.6.1. Calix[8]arenes with Mirror Planes.- 4. Conclusion.- References.- Inclusion Properties and Host-Guest Interactions of Calixarenes in the Solid State.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. General Considerations.- 1.2. Conformational Properties of Calixarenes in the Solid State.- 2. Conformational Preferences in Functionalized Calixarenes.- 2.1. Calix[4]arenes.- 2.2. Calix[6]arenes.- 2.3. Calix[8]arenes.- 2.4. Calixarene Cavitands.- 3. Metallocalixarenes.- 4. Calixarene Based Cation Carriers and Receptors.- 5. Molecular Inclusion of Neutral Molecules by Calixarenes.- 5.1. Intramolecular Complexes of Calixarenes.- 5.2. Cage Complexes.- 5.3. Intermolecular Complexes.- 5.4. Clathrates.- 6. Theoretical Models for the Host-Guest Interactions.- Acknowledgements.- References.- Three: Inclusion Properties of Calixarenes and Their Derivatives.- Calixarene-Based Cation Receptors and Carriers.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Calixarene Podands with Ether Chains.- 3. Calixarene Podands with Ester and Amide Groups.- 4. Calixcrowns and Calixspherands.- 5. Ionizable Calixarene Ligands.- 6. Concluding Remarks.- Acknowledgements.- References.- Chemically Modified Calixarenes as New Selective Receptors for Monovalent Cations.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Calixarenes as Receptor Substructures.- 3. Chemically Modified Calixarenes.- 4. Complexation of Alkali Cations: Phase Transfer, Stability Constants, Selectivities, and Transport.- 4.1. Calixarene Esters and Ketones.- 4.1.1. Extraction Experiments.- 4.1.2. Stability Constants.- 4.1.3. Complexation Selectivities.- 4.1.4. Ion Transport.- 4.2. Calixarene Amides.- 4.3. Calixarenes with Mixed Ligating Functional Groups.- 4.4. Relation between Physicochemical Properties and Molecular Structure.- 5. Conclusions and Perspectives.- Acknowledgements.- References.- Functionalized Calixarenes: New Applications as Catalysts, Ligands, and Host Molecules.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Syntheses of Functionalized Calixarenes.- 3. Conformational Properties.- 4. Acidity Constants of the Phenolic Hydroxyl Groups.- 5. Aggregation and Inclusion Phenomena.- 6. Chiral Calixarenes.- 7. Ionophoric Calixarenes.- 8. Conclusions.- References.- Water Soluble Calixarene Salts. A Class of Compounds with Solid-State Structures Resembling Those of Clays.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The [Calix[4]arene Sulfonate]5- Anion.- 2.1. Na5[Calix[4]arene Sulfonate].- 2.2. Other Alkali Salts.- 2.3. Transition Metals and Lanthanides.- 2.4. Inclusion of Organic Species.- 3. The [Nitrocalix[4]arene]2- Anion.- 4. The [Calix[4]arene Sulfonate Methyl Ether]4- Anion.- References.- Lanthanide Ions and Calixarenes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Lanthanide Ions and p-fert-Butylcalixarenes.- 2.1. Synthesis and Stoichiometry.- 2.1.1. Complexes of p-tert-Butylcalix[8]arene.- 2.1.2. Complexes of p-tert-Butylcalix[6]arene.- 2.1.3. Complexes of p-tert-Butylcalix[4]arene and p-tert-Butylbishomooxacalix[4]arene.- 2.2. Solid State Structures - X-Ray Crystallography.- 2.2.1. Complexes of p-tert-Butylcalix[8]arene.- 2.2.2. Complexes of p-tert-Butylcalix[6]arene.- 2.2.3. Complexes of p-tert-Butylcalix[4]arene.- 2.3. Solution Structure.- 2.4. Luminescence Spectroscopy.- 3. Conclusions.- Acknowledgements.- References.- Four: Industrial Applications.- Industrial Applications of Calixarenes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Recovery of Cesium.- 3. Recovery of Uranium.- 4. Further Ion Sequestering Possibilities.- 5. Ion Selective Electrodes and Field Effect Transistors.- 6. Phase Transfer Agents.- 7. Accelerators for Instant Adhesives.- 8. Ion Scavengers for Electronic Devices.- 9. Stabilizers for Organic Polymers.- 10. Separation of Neutral Organic Molecules.- 11. Hydrolysis Catalysts.- 12. Langmuir-Blodgett Films and Membranes.- 13. Polymer-Bound Calixarenes.- 14. Concluding Remarks.- References.- List of Contributors.