Bisphosphonates are commonly prescribed to inhibit bone loss in patients with osteoporosis, as well as osteopenia, cancer, and Paget's disease of the bone. Recently, scientific literature has addressed a possible relationship between bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ). It is important to note that though the risks for developing ONJ are much higher for cancer patients on intravenous bisphosphonate therapy (used to reduce bone pain), the occurrence of ONJ also in patients treated with oral BF for osteoporosis has been also highlighted, though rarely. On the basis of the large use of BF, of their pharmacokinetics, of the systemic and local risk factors, physicians prescribing them and dental surgeons should be well informed on the various aspects of the problem. Aim of this volume is to offer an update on the current status of prevention, and on the current conservative and surgical treatments. The multidisciplinary approach will be very much appreciated by GP's, the different specialists using bisphosphonates and by dental surgeons.

Zusammenfassung
During the early 19th century, it was discovered that adding yellow (now called white) phosphorous to matchstick heads made it easier to ignite matches. The phosphorous vapors were breathed in by workers and combined with other chemicals in the body to produce a potent nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate. Today's oral nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates and intravenous nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates circulate around the body the same way as the phosphorous vapors, and are absorbed into bone and ingested by osteoclasts. When this unique binding process of bisphosphonates to bone occurs, osteoclasts are poisoned, and this reduces or eliminates bone turnover. Alveolar bone in the mandible and maxilla turns over more rapidly than in long bones, so the jaws are a better target for bisphosphonate toxicity. It wasn't until 2003 that today's intravenous and oral nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate medications were implicated as major risk factors in the development of exposed necrotic boneof the jaws. Most of the researchers who reported cases of bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis of the jaw found that these patients were treated with zoledronate, pamidronate, or a combination of these drugs, which are commonly used for treating breast cancer or myeloma. In about 5% of cases, subjects with BIONJ were being treated for osteoporosis. Precipitating events that contribute to BIONJ are tooth extractions (about 50% of cases), mandibular exostoses, periodontal disease, and local trauma from ill-fitting dentures. It is not known if the placement of dental implants is a precipitating factor. The book aims to meet the need of medical practitioners working in all fields that use bisphosphonates, and to present the conservative and surgical treatment methods currently in use. There will also be detailed information on the literature relating to dental implants in patients treated with bisphosphonates.

Inhalt
Preface-1. Introduction - 2. Pharmacology: Mechanism of Action of Bisphosphonates- 3. Use of Bisphosphonates in Oncology, Hematology and Osteoporosis - 4. Biomorphology in BIONJ: Anatomy and History - 5. Ethiopathogenesis and clinic of BIONJ - 6. Instrumental Diagnosis.- 7. Microbiological Aspects - 8. Prevention and role of Dentist - 9. Conservative Treatment: Oxygen, Ozone and Laser - 10. Minimally Invasive Surgical Treatment - 11. Major Surgery in BIONJ - 12. The future of BIONJ