Biomechanics of Hard Tissues

This monograph assembles expert knowledge on the latest biomechanical modeling and testing of hard tissues, coupled with a concise introduction to the structural and physical properties of bone and cartilage. A strong focus lies on the current advances in understanding bone structure and function from a materials science perspective, providing practical knowledge on how to model, simulate and predict the mechanical behavior of bone. The book presents directly applicable methods for designing and testing the performance of artificial bones and joint replacements, while addressing innovative and safe approaches to stimulated bone regeneration essential for clinical researchers.

Autorentext
Andreas Ochsner is Professor in the Department of Applied Mechanics at the Technical University of Malaysia, Malaysia. Having obtained a Master Degree in Aeronautical Engineering at the University of Stuttgart (1997), Germany, he spent the time from 1997-2003 at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg as a research and teaching assistant to obtain his PhD in Engineering Sciences. From 2003-2006, he worked as Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Head of the Cellular Metals Group affiliated with the University of Aveiro, Portugal. He has published over 140 research papers and organized three international conferences on diffusion in solids and liquids.

Waqar Ahmed is Director of the Institute of Advanced Manufacturing and Innovation at the School of Computing, Technology and Applied Sciences of the University of Central Lancashire, UK. He obtained his PhD in Chemistry from the University of Salford/Strathclyde and holds a certificate in business administration from the University of Warwick. Before pursuing his academic career he worked as an engineer and operations manager in various British companies. Waqar Ahmed acts as editor-in-chief for four international journals devoted to nanomanufacturing and biomaterials and as vice-president of the Society of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology.

Inhalt

1 BONE AND CARTILAGE, ITS STRUCTURE AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Introduction
The Structure of Living Organisms
Growth of Living Organisms
Ring-Shaped Grain Boundary
Planarity of Biological Structures
Microscopie Structure of the Bone
Growth of the Bone
Structure of the Body
Macroscopic Structure of Skeleton
Apatite in the Bone
Structure of the Bone
Microscopic Structure of the Bone
General
Osteon
Bone Innervation
Anatomy of Bone Innervation
Bone Cells
Cells
Cell Membrane
Membrane Transport
Bone Cell Types
Osteoclasts
Cellular Image - OPG/RANK/RANKL Signaling System
Osteoprotegerin
RANK/RANKL
TACE
Bone Modeling and Remodeling
Proteins and Amino Acids
Collagen and Its Properties
Molecular Structure
Geometry of Triple Helix
Polymer Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics
Ideal Chain
Wormlike Chain
Architecture of Biological Fibers
Architecture of Collagen Fibers in Human Osteon
Collagen Elasticity
References
Further Reading

2 NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF BONE REMODELING PROCESS CONSIDERING INTERFACE TISSUE DIFFERENTIATION IN TOTAL HIP REPLACEMENTS
Introduction
Mechanical Adaptation of Bone
Constitutive Models
Bone Constitutive Model
Model of Preprosthetic Adaptation
Model of Interfacial Adaptation
Numerical Examples
Final Remarks
Acknowledgments
References

3 BONE AS A COMPOSITE MATERIAL
Introduction
Bone Phases
Organic
Mineral
Physical Structure of Bone Material
Water
Bone Phase Material Properties
Organic Matrix
Mineral Phase
Water
Elastic Modulus of Composite Materials
Bone as a Composite: Macroscopic Effects
Bone as a Composite: Microscale Effects
Bone as a Composite: Anisotropy Effects
Bone as a Composite: Implications
References

4 MECHANOBIOLOGICAL MODELS FOR BONE TISSUE. APPLICATIONS TO IMPLANT DESIGN
Introduction
Biological and Mechanobiological Factores in Bone Remodeling and Bone Fracture Healing
Bone Remodeling
Bone Fracture Healing
Phenomenological Models of Bone Remodeling
Mechanistic Models of Bone Remodeling Models to Implant Design
Models of Tissue Differentiation Application to Bone Fracture Healing
Mechanistic Models of Bone Fracture Healing Models to Implant Design
Concluding Remarks
References

5 BIOMECHANICAL TESTING OF ORTHOPEDIC IMPLANTS; ASPECTS OF TRIBOLOGY AND SIMULATION
Introduction
Tribological Testing of Orthopedic Implants
Tribological Testing of Tissue from a Living Body
Theoretical Analysis for Tribological Issues
References

6 CONSTITUTIVE MODELING OF THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR FOR TRABECULAR BONE - CONTINUUM MECHANICAL APPROACHES
Introduction
Summy of Elasticity Theory and Continuum Mechanics
Stress Tensor and Decomposition
Invariants
Constitutive Equations
Linear Elastic Behavior: Generalized Hooke s Law for Isotropic Materials
Linear Elastic Behavior: Generalized Hooke s Law for Orthotropic Materials
Linear Elastic Behaivor: Generalized Hooke s Law for Orthotropic Materials with Cubic Structure
Linear Elastic Behaivor: Generalized Hooke s Law for Transverse Isotropic Materials
Plastic Behavior, Failure and Limit Surface
The Structure of Trabecular Bone and Modeling Approaches
Structural Analogies: Cellular Plastics and Materials
Conclusions
References

7 MECHANICAL AND MAGNETIC STIMULATION ON CELLS FOR BONE REGENERATION
Introduction
Mechanical Stimulation on Cells
Various Mechanical Stimulations
Techniques for Applying Mechanical Loading
Mechanotransduction
Mechanical Influences on Stem Cell
Magnetic Stimulation on Cells
Magnetic Nanoparticles for Cell Stimulation
Properties of Magnetic Nanoparticles
Functionalization of Magnetic Nanoparticles
Magnetic Stimulation
Magnetic Pulling
Magnetic Twisting
Limitation of Using Magnetic Nanoparticles for Cell Stimulation
Magnetic Stimulation and Cell Conditioning for Tissue Regeneration
Summary
References

8 Joint Replacement Implants
Introduction
Biomaterials for Joint Replacement Implants
Joint Replacement Implants for Weight-Bearing Joints
Introduction
Hip Joint Replacement
Knee Joint Replacement
Ankle Joint Replacemen
Methods of Fication for Weight-Bearing Joint R