Protected areas have often been defined as the backbones of biodiversity conservation. However, legitimate demands formulated by countries for their economic development, growing human populations, forest fragmentations, and needs of local communities for sustainable livelihoods are also pressing demands on protected areas, stringently pressuring conservation community to identify means to reconcile long term biodiversity conservation and communities' livelihoods. Hence, integrating conservation activities within the global framework of economic development of countries with high biodiversity had become part of conservation paradigms. Integrated development as a route to conservation, strict protected areas, community managed areas, etc. have been tried but resulted in debatable outcomes in many ways. The lukewarm nature of these results brought 'landscape approach' at the front of biodiversity conservation in Central Africa. Since the late 1990s the landscape approach uses large areas with different functional attributes and shifts foundational biodiversity conservation paradigms. Changes are brought to the role traditionally attributed to local communities, aligning sustainable development with conservation and stretching conservation beyond the confines of traditional protected areas. These three shifts need a holistic approach to respond to different conservation questions. There are only a few instances where the landscape experience has been scientifically documented and lessons learnt drawn into a corpus of knowledge to guide future conservation initiatives across Central Africa. To subjugate one biodiversity conservation landscape as one case study emerged as a matter of urgency to present the potential knowledge acquired throughout the landscape experiment, including leadership and management, processes tried, results (at least partially) achieved, and why such and such other process or management arrangement were been chosen among many other alternatives, etc. The challenges of the implementation of the conservation landscape approach needed also to be documented. This book responds to the majority of these questions; drawing its content from the firsthand field knowledge, it discusses these shifts and documents what has been tried, how successful (unsuccessful) it was, and what lessons learnt from these trials. Theoretical questions such as threat index, and ecological services, etc. are also discussed and gaps in knowledge are identified.

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Part I. General Concepts.- 1. From Parks for Landscapes: Reading of a Long Process.- 2. Landscape: Re-assessing the Conservation Paradigm.- 3. Biodiversity Conservation in Human-prone Landscapes: Social and Ethical Issues.- 4. Landscapes require new Legal Framework to Conserve Biodiversity.- Part II. Data to Support the Conservation Action.- 5. Qualitatively Describing Forests of the Landscape.- 6. Bonobos in the Lake Tumba: Describing the Landscape Species.- 7. Genetics of Bonobos in the Lake Tumba Landscape.- 8. Forest Refugia Theory, Density-Dependence and Stress Syndrome and the Proto-pan.- 9. Wild Bonobos and Wild Chimpanzees and Human Diseases.- 10. Alternative Cheaper Methods to Estimate Bonobos.- 11. Chimpanzees of the Ngiri Triangle.- 12. Lions of Malebo: Population and Conflicts with Humans.- 13. Diurnal Primates: Estimates and Conservation Issues.- 14. Elephants in Lake Tumba Landscape: Malebo, Ngiri and Bolombo-Losombo.- 15. Developing a Threat Index for Documented Large Mammal Species.- 16. Synopsis of Freshwaters, Species Diversity and Conservation Issues.- 17. An Abridgement of the Birds Throughout the Diversity of Habitats.- Part III. Not Only Biodiversity but also Human Communities.- 18. The Political Economy of Landscape.- 19. Assessing the Needs in Lands in the Lake Tumba Landscape.- Part IV. Using the Data to Strategize and Manage the Landscape.- 20. Planning for the Management of the Landscape.- 21. Setting Habitats Aside for Biodiversity Conservation.- 22. Protected Areas: Defining the Optimum Law Enforcement Resources.- 23. Planning to Mobilization of Resources via Sustainable Tourism.- 24. Decent Knowledge for Future Directions in the Landscape Management.- 25. Are there Good Ethical Reasons to Preserve Biodiversity at the Expense of the Needs of Local Communities Who Could Benefit from Exploiting those Natural Resources?