This book re-examines the conventional pressure-temperature phase diagrams of pure substances, taking into account a universally acknowledged, albeit often neglected, state of matter-the plasma phase. It argues that only the temperature component of the endpoint on the gas-liquid equilibrium curve is critical, not the pressure and volume, which themselves are the corresponding components of the critical temperature. The book features the compiled results of many recent experimental studies on the physical properties of benzene, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide, extracting the endpoints of the liquid-solid and solid-gas equilibria and yielding the real critical pressure and volume. These discoveries highlight the position of plasma on the phase diagram and the existence of the equilibrium ionization curve along with it. Detailed knowledge of the plasma state of matter is essential not only in many fields of physics and chemistry but in engineering and industrial applications as well. This book will easily benefit researchers, engineers, and instructors who routinely interact with phase diagrams.

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Ibrahimoglu Beycan was born in 1946 in Azerbaijan. He received his bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering from Azerbaijan Polytechnic University in 1971 and completed his doctorate at the same university between 1979-1982. Having received the title of Associate Professor in 1991, Prof. Dr. B. Ibrahimoglu was the Deputy of Nakhchivan in 1990 and the Prime Minister of Nakhchivan between 1991-1992. Serving at Gazi University as a Visiting Professor in 1994, Prof. Dr. Beycan Ibrahimoglu managed many projects carried out in the Chief Military Advisory of the Prime Ministry and Ministry of National Defense. In 2009, he established Anadolu Plasma Technology Center, an advanced engineering company, in order to bring creative and innovative solutions to unique engineering problems such as the environment, space, aviation, defense industry, and medical sectors. Working at Ankara Bilim University since 2021, Prof. Dr. B. Ibrahimoglu is also a Member of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.He has 120 articles and 18 patents in his field. He is married and still lives in Ankara with his 2 children and 3 grandchildren. Ibrahimoglu Beycan Jr. was born in Turkey in 1994. At 2012, he started Mechanical Engineering in TOBB University of Economy and Technology. During his bachelor's education, he was awarded with a scholarship for his academic achievements. Additionally, he did three long-term internships at leading companies in Turkey. In 2018, he started his master's degree in the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. During his master's program, he participated in academic projects and teaching activities. After he graduated from his master's, he returned Turkey, and now, he is working in Anadolu Plasma Technology Center as an R&D Director. At Anadolu Plasma, he is working to bring plasma technologies to the benefit of humanity. At the same time, he has just started his Ph.D. studies in Kyiv Polytechnic Institute since 2020.