Bacterial Endotoxins

Microbial Toxins, Volume IV: Bacterial Endotoxins covers a general introduction of bacterial endotoxins, as well as research concerning structure (both morphological and physical), chemistry, immunology, biosynthesis, and genetics of bacterial endotoxins. The book describes the general characteristics of bacterial endotoxins; the anatomy and chemistry of Gram-negative cell envelopes; and the physical structure of bacterial lipopolysaccharides. The text also discusses the isolation and chemical and immunological characterization of bacterial lipopolysaccharides; the chemistry of the unique carbohydrates of bacterial lipopolysaccharides; and the relation of bacteriophage attachment to lipopolysaccharide structure. The chemical and biological heterogeneity of endotoxins, as well as the biosynthesis of the core region of lipopolysaccharide are also considered. The book further tackles the biosynthesis of O-antigens and the genetic aspects of biosynthesis and structure of Salmonella lipopolysaccharide. Microbiologists, biochemists, bacteriologists, immunologists, and people involved in biochemical research will find the book useful.

Inhalt

List of Contributors
Preface
Contents of Other Volumes

1. General Characteristics
   I. Introduction. Toward a Definition
   II. Source in Cell
   III. Host-Reactive Properties
   IV. Physicochemical Properties
   V. A Provisional Definition
   References
2. The Anatomy and Chemistry of Gram-Negative Cell Envelopes
   I. Anatomy of Envelopes
   II. Chemistry of the Gram-Negative Cell Envelope
   References
3. The Physical Structure of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides
   I. Introduction
   II. Problems in the Study of Lipopolysaccharide Structure
   III. The Physical Shape of Lipopolysaccharide
   IV. Determinants of Physical Shape
   V. Physical Structure and Biological Function
   References
4. Isolation and Chemical and Immunological Characterization of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides
   I. Introduction
   II. Isolation and Properties of Lipopolysaccharides
   III. Sugar Constituents and Composition of Lipopolysaccharides
   IV. Structure of the O-Specific Chains and Chemical Basis of the Immunological Specificities of the O-Factors
   V. Structure of Atypical Specific Chains as Found in SR and R Mutants
   VI. The Basal Core Structure as Provided by Analysis of R Mutant Lipopolysaccharides
   VII. General Conclusions
   References
5. The Chemistry of the Unique Carbohydrates of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides
   I. Introduction
   II. Pentoses
   III. Uronic Acids
   IV. Hexoses
   V. Hexosamines
   VI. Heptoses
   VII. 6-Deoxyhexoses
   VIII. 3,6-Dideoxyhexoses
   IX. KDO (3-Deoxy-D-mannooctulosonic Acid, 2-Keto-3-deoxyoctanic Acid)
   References
6. The Relation of Bacteriophage Attachment to Lipopolysaccharide Structure
   I. Introduction
   II. Structure of the Gram-Negative Cell Wall
   III. The Cell Wall of Enterobacteriaceae -Relationship between Antigenic Alterations and Phage Adsorption
   IV. Early Work on the T Phages
   V. Salmonella Phages
   VI. E. coli Phages
   VII. Conclusions
   References
7. Chemical and Biological Heterogeneity of Endotoxins
   I. Introduction
   II. Morphological and Chemical Heterogeneity
   III. Biological Heterogeneity
   IV. Attempts to Explain the Observed Heterogeneity
   V. Summary
   References
8. Biosynthesis of the Core Region of Lipopolysaccharide
   I. Introduction
   II. Pathway of Biosynthesis of the Outer Core
   III. Role of Glycerophosphatides in Core Glycosyl Transferase Reactions
   IV. Biosynthesis of the Backbone Region
   References
9. Biosynthesis of O-Antigens
   I. Introduction
   II. Variations in O-Antigen Structure
   III. The Biosynthetic Cycle
   IV. The Antigen Carrier Lipid
   V. The Polymerase Reaction
   VI. Transfer of O-Antigen Chains to the Lipopolysaccharide Core -The Ligase Reaction
   VII. Synthesis of Other O-Antigens and Polysaccharides
   References
10. Genetic Aspects of Biosynthesis and Structure of Salmonella Lipopolysaccharide
    I. Introduction
    II. Methods of Genetic Analysis in Salmonella
    III. The Core
    IV. The O Side Chains
    V. Modifications of the LPS Structure
    VI. T Forms
    VII. Summary and Discussion
    References
    Author Index
    Subject Index