Commercial Surfactants for Remediation

This book demonstrates the benefits of using commercially available surfactants, or surface-active agents, for remediation of metal-contaminated soil and sediment. First the book offers theoretical reviews of commercially available surfactants, then it proceeds to a study of various available surfactants for the mobilization of metals. Surfactants representative of amphiphiles discovered in the digestive environment of sediment-ingesting organisms are used to examine the extent and rate of metal (Al, Fe, Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, Zn) mobilization from contaminated estuarine sediment. Metals can cause harmful effects to the environment and organisms. It is difficult to treat contaminants that are often tightly bound to the extremely small size of the estuarine sediments.

The book also demonstrates the mechanisms of metal mobilization that appear to be related to complexation with monomers and adsorption to micelles of the anionic amphiphiles, and to the denudation of hydrophobichost phases or coatings on the sediment by micelles of both anionic and nonionic surfactants.

Readers obtain a better understanding of current commercial surfactants, their impact on the environment, and possible remediation. This transdisciplinary book contributes toward Sustainable Development Goals numbers 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) and 13 (Climate Action) set by the United Nations and is useful for students and teachers of sediment studies, coastal studies, environmental sciences, hydrology, civil engineering, and policy sciences.

Autorentext

Anu Singh Bisht is a dedicated and focused researcher with more than 7 years of extensive research experience in the areas of nanoscience, optics and microscopy, environmental science, and microbiology.

She has a Ph.D. in physics from the prestigious French institute École Normale Supériuere de Cachan. She completed her master's in Erasmus Mundus Joint European Water and Coastal Management from Spain and the United Kingdom. She received a bachelor's in microbiology from the University of Delhi, India. Most recently, she worked as a post-doctoral research fellow at the University of Technology of Troyes, France. She led research work on the development of new light-emitting hybrid nanosources for their application in telecommunication. Anu Singh Bisht is a productive independent researcher with excellent credentials in designing research experiments; she operates specialized scientific equipment and conducts data collection, interpretation, result processing, and analysis. Her experience in scientific publication consists of more than 22 contributions to high impact factor journals and two book chapters. She has participated in several national and international conferences to present her research work and has also taken part in summer schools in France, where she presented her work. She received several awards and fellowships. These include a post-doctoral research fellowship from the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), France; a scholarship for her Ph.D. from the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Délégation Ile-de-France Est; an international scholarship for internship from the École Normale Supérieure (ENS) de Cachan; and an Erasmus Mundus Scholarship for a Joint European Master in Water and Coastal Management from the European Union.

Inhalt

List of Abbreviations

List of Figures

List of Tables

List of Images

List of Appendices

Chapter-1 Introduction

Metals

Sediment

Sources of Sediment Contaminants

Sediment Contaminants

References

Chapter-2 Bioavailability of Metals in Sediment

References

Chapter-3 Solubilization of Metals in Invertebrate Guts

References

Chapter-4 Surfactants

Types of Surfactants

Properties of Surfactants

Surfactants as Remediating Agents

Mechanism of Metal Removal from Solids by Surfactants

References

Chapter-5 Commercial Surfactants for Remediation- Introduction

Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS)

Hexadecyltrimethylammonium

Triton X-100

Sodium Taurocholate

References

Chapter-6 Commercial Surfactants for Remediation- Methodology

Sampling

Sample Processing

Sample Digestion

Reagents and Working Surfactants

Experiments

Chapter-7 Metal Analysis

Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)

Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES)

Metal Analysis

CHN Analysis

Data Presentation

Chapter-8 Metal Concentration

Sample Composition

Carbon, Nitrogen and Hydrogen

Chapter-9 Kinetics of Metal Release by Surfactants

Kinetics of Metal Release by HDTMA Surfactant

Kinetics of Metal Release by SDS Surfactant

Kinetics of Metal Release by Triton X 100 Surfactant

Kinetics of Metal Release by NaTC Surfactant

Kinetics of Metal Release by Synthesized Surfactant

Chapter-10 Surfactant Availability of Metals

Surfactant Availability of Metals by HDTMA

Surfactant Availability of Metals by SDS

Surfactant Availability of Metals by Triton X 100

Surfactant Availability of Metals by NaTC

Relationship Between the Metals Available by Different Surfactants

Comparison Between SDS and NaTC

Mechanisms of Metal Release by Surfactants

Comparison between the Metals Release by Proteinase K, BSA, NaTC and SDS

Relationship between the Metals Available by BSA, SDS AND NaTC

Chapter-11 Implication of Surfactants in Remediation

Implications for Metal Availability to Deposit-Feeders

Chapter-12 General Discussion and Conclusions

Chapter-13 Marine Conservation and Sustainable Development Goals

Appendices