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Many arborists learn tree work practices without fully understanding the biological and physiological principles behind them. However, outcomes for the health and longevity of trees are greatly improved when an arborist understands the science behind the care of tree root systems and crowns. In Applied Tree Biology, Drs. Hirons and Thomas draw upon their decades of experience in the laboratory, classroom, and the field - as well as the expertise of distinguished contributors to this volume - to provide those responsible for tree care with the scientific information that informs best practices for planting, pruning, soil decompaction, irrigation, and much more.
Takes a multidisciplinary approach, integrating knowledge from plant biology, physiology, arboriculture, ecology, and more
Provides a systematic presentation of fundamental tree biology and the scientific principles informing high quality tree care
Presents accessible scientific information and best practices that help promote the health and longevity of trees
Reflects the authors' decades of experience as tree biology researchers and educators, as well as their years of professional experience across the globe
Applied Tree Biology is an indispensable source of practical, succinct information on tree biology, physiology, and ecology for professionals and interested amateurs involved with the care of trees. Arborists, foresters, and horticulturists at all stages of their careers will find this text particularly useful.
Autorentext
ANDREW D. HIRONS is a Senior Lecturer in Arboriculture at University Centre Myerscough, UK. He has international experience as a climbing arborist and a plant health care practitioner. As well as lecturing on a range of arboricultural courses he is also actively involved in research. His current research activity is motivated by the need to create resilience in our urban forests, and is focused on using plant traits to inform species selection for urban environments. PETER A. THOMAS is a Reader in Plant Ecology at Keele University, UK. He has more than 30 years of experience in ecological aspects of trees and forests in the UK, Europe, North & Central America, Africa, Russia, Asia and Australasia.
Inhalt
List of Contributors xv
Foreword xvii
Preface xix
A Note on the Text xx
1 Introduction 1
Value of Trees Globally 1
Value of Urban Trees 2
Managing Trees 5
References 11
2 The Woody Skeleton: Trunk and Branches 15
What is a Tree? 15
How Does a Tree Grow? 15
Tree Design 18
How Shoots Grow 19
Building Blocks: Meristems and Buds 19
New Shoots From Buds 22
Apical Dominance and Apical Control 25
Epicormic Shoots and Sprouting 26
Epicormic Shoots (Sprouts) 27
Basal Sprouts 29
Branch and Trunk Sprouts 30
Opportunistic Sprouts 31
Sprouts Originating Underground 32
Practical Considerations of Sprouting 33
Sprouting in Response to Mechanical Injury 34
Sprouting in Response to Disturbance 34
Secondary Growth 34
The Vascular Cambium 35
Thickening of Woody Cell Walls 38
Programmed Cell Death 40
Bark and Secondary Phloem 40
How Bark Grows 41
Variation in Bark 43
Secondary Xylem Wood 44
Different Cell Types Found in Wood 46
Living Cells in the Wood Parenchyma 47
NonLiving Cells in the Wood Vessels, Tracheids and Fibres 49
Variation in Wood Structure 52
Gymnosperm Wood 52
Dicotyledonous Wood 53
Sapwood and Heartwood 56
Sapwood and Water Movement 57
Heartwood 59
Sapwood and Heartwood Considerations for Pruning Operations 62
Tradeoffs in Wood Design 62
Tradeoffs and the Movement of Water 63
FreezingInduced Cavitation 66
DroughtInduced Cavitation 67
Moving Water Around a Tree Vascular Sectorality 71
References 72
3 Leaves and Crowns 77
Angiosperm Leaves 78
Angiosperm Leaf Anatomy 82
Gymnosperm Leaves 83
Gymnosperm Leaf Anatomy 85
Juvenile Leaves 86
Sun and Shade Leaves 87
Leaf Arrangement 90
Compound Leaves 91
Evergreen and Deciduous Leaves 93
Value of Evergreen and Deciduous Leaves 94
Leaf Phenology 97
Tree Crowns 101
Shape of Tree Crowns 104
Role of Branches in Tree Crowns 107
Biomechanical Design of Tree Crowns 108
Reaction Wood 122
Branch Shedding as a Natural Process 124
Tree Pruning 126
Pruning Practices 129
Tree Crown Support 133
References 135
4 Tree Roots 141
Root Growth and Development 141
Root Systems 146
Secondary Root Growth 148
Root Architecture 150
Tree Anchorage 153
Extent of Root Systems 154
When Do Roots Grow? 157
Soil Compaction 161
Soil Resistance to Root Development 163
Management of Soil Compaction 165
Mulching 168
Decompaction 168
Estimating Appropriate Soil Volumes for Tree Roots 171
Improving Soil Volumes in Urban Environments 179
References 183
5 The Next Generation of Trees: From Seeds to Planting 187
Flowers, Seeds and Fruits 187
Variation in Flowers and Pollination 189
Not All Seeds Require Pollination 191
Cost of Reproduction 193
Numbers Involved 195
Flowering and Fruiting in Urban Landscapes 196
Tree Crops 198
Vegetative Reproduction 199
Growing Trees 203
Seeds and Their Origins 203
Storing Seeds 205
Seed Dormancy 205
Germination 207
Seedlings 208
Tree Establishment From Production to the Landscape 210 Momentum of Tree Establishment 211&...