This volume was planned to provide a comprehensive survey of the role of the anabolic-androgenic steroids in the vital economy exclusive of the androgenic (sexual) functions. It seemed appropriate to bring together all of this information in an organized fashion in one volume at this time not only to serve as a source of information but also to indicate and suggest areas that need further exploration. The anabolic action of the steroid hormones has gone through a period of great activity in both basic and clinical research. A complete understanding of the manifold anabolic effects still remains to be elucidated and the art of clinical application is only gradually becoming apparent. This volume should be useful not only to the experienced investigator in both basic and clinical research but also for the novice. Furthermore, it should serve as a source of information for the careful use of these steroids in certain metabolic diseases. These steroids have had wide clinical application with variable results. In many instances further careful exploration is suggested. Other instances have demonstrated varying degrees of usefulness.

Inhalt

I. Historical Review of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids..- References.- II. Metabolic Effects.- A. Metabolic Effects of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids in Experimental Animals..- I. Introduction.- A. Early Studies.- B. Establishment of Anabolic Action.- 1. Dog.- 2. Rat.- II. Comparison of Protein Anabolic Activity of Natural and Synthetic Steroids.- A. Assay Procedure in Rat.- B. Comparison of Steroids.- 1. Subcutaneous Administration.- 2. Oral Administration.- III. Effect of Castration on Protein and Energy Metabolism.- A. Dog.- B. Rat.- C. Guinea Pig.- D. Fowl.- IV. Effect of Endocrine Status on Anabolic Activity of Steroids.- A. Testis.- 1. Dog.- 2. Rat.- 3. Rabbit.- B. Ovary.- 1. Rat.- 2. Dog.- 3. Monkey.- C. Pituitary.- 1. Dog.- 2. Rat.- D. Thyroid.- Rat.- E. Adrenals.- Rat.- F. Pancreas.- 1. Dog.- 2. Rat.- V. Effect of Nutritive State on Anabolic Activity of Steroids.- A. Rat.- 1. Quantity of Protein.- 2. Quality of Protein.- 3. Depletion and Repletion.- B. Guinea Pig.- C. Dog.- VI. Kinetics of Protein Synthesis.- [15N]-Glycine Studies.- VII. Nitrogen Constituents of Urine and Blood.- A. NPN, Urea, Amino-N and Protein.- 1. Urine.- 2. Blood.- B. Creatine-Creatinine.- 1. Dog.- 2. Rat.- 3. Monkey.- 4. Rabbit.- 5. Guinea Pig.- C. Coproporphyrin.- VIII. Electrolytes and Water.- A. Dog.- B. Rat.- C. Mouse.- D. Rabbit.- IX. Energy Metabolism.- A. Dog.- B. Rat.- X. Summary.- References.- B. The Metabolic Effects of Anabolic Steroids in Man..- I. The Anabolic Effect of Testosterone.- II. Salt-Retaining Action of Testosterone.- III. Anabolic Effects of Estrogen.- IV. Effect of Estrogen on Salt Metabolism.- V. The Use of Androgen in Debilitated States.- VI. Effects of Androgens on Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism.- VII. Synthetic Testosterone Analogues.- VIII. Conclusions.- References.- III. Sites of Tissue Formation.- A. Body and Organ Weights and Composition..- I. Introduction.- II. Body Weight and Composition.- A. Effect of Castration.- 1. Rat.- 2. Mouse.- 3. Guinea Pig.- 4. Hamster.- B. Steroid Administration.- 1. Rat.- 2. Mouse.- 3. Guinea Pig.- 4. Hamster.- 5. Monkey.- 6. Rabbit.- III. Muscle.- 1. Guinea Pig.- 2. Rat.- 3. Mice.- 4. Rabbit.- 5. Other Species.- IV. Urinary Bladder.- A. Mouse.- B. Rat.- C. Dog.- V. Internal Organs.- A. Kidney.- 1. Rat.- 2. Mouse.- 3. Guinea Pig.- 4. Hamster.- 5. Rabbit.- 6. Dog.- 7. Human.- 8. Compensatory Renal Hypertrophy.- B. Liver.- 1. Rat.- 2. Mouse.- 3. Guinea Pig.- 4. Hamster.- 5. Dog.- C. Heart.- 1. Rat.- 2. Mouse.- D. Thymus and Spleen.- 1. Rat.- 2. Mouse.- 3. Guinea Pig.- E. Lacrimal Glands.- 1. Rat.- 2. Mouse.- 3. Rabbit.- F. Gastrointestinal Tract.- 1. Rat.- 2. Mouse.- VI. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- B. Effect of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids on the Skin, Including Hair and Sebaceous Glands..- I. Effects upon the General Properties of the Skin.- A. Mechanical Properties.- B. Collagen Content.- C. Skin Mucopolysaccharides.- D. Anabolic Effects.- II. Metabolism of Androgens by the Skin.- III. Effects of Androgens on Hair Growth in Experimental Animals.- A. Hair Growth in Waves in Rats and Mice.- B. Effects of Castration.- C. Effect of Steroid Hormones.- D. Effects in Other Mammals.- IV. Metabolism of Androgens by the Rat Skin in Relation to the Hair Cycles.- V. Effects of Androgens upon Hair Growth in Man.- A. Effects on Scalp Hair.- B. Effects on Axillary and Pubic Hair.- C. Effects on Masculine Hair.- VI. Metabolism of Androgens by Isolated Human Hair Follicles.- VII. Effects of Androgens upon Sebaceous Glands in Experimental Animals.- A. Effect on Sebaceous Glands of Rats.- B. Effects on Hamster Flank Organ.- C. Effects on Rat Preputial Glands.- D. Effects on Sebaceous Glands of Other Mammals.- VIII. Effects of Androgens in Human Sebaceous Glands.- Androgens and Acne.- IX. Metabolism of Androgens in the Sebaceous Glands.- References.- C. Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids and Experimental Mammary Tumors..- I. Introduction.- II. Effect of Androgens on Mouse Mammary Tumors.- III. Androgens and Rat Mammary Tumors.- A. Transplanted Mammary Tumors in Rats.- 1. Fibroadenomas.- 2. Carcinomas.- B. Carcinogen-Induced Mammary Tumors in Rats.- IV. Mammary Tumors in Vitro.- V. Effects of Androgens on Other Experimental Tumor Systems.- VI. Conclusions.- References.- IV. Mechanism of Action.- A. Regulation of Protein Synthesis by Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids..- I. Introduction.- II. Studies in Vivo.- A. Mouse.- B. Rat.- 1. [14C] Amino Acids.- 2. [14C]-Formate.- 3. Anticatabolic Effects.- C. Guinea Pig.- D. Rabbit.- III. Studies in Vivo/in Vitro.- A. Rat.- 1. Liver and Kidney Slices.- 2. Kidney Cell-free System.- 3. Heart Slices.- 4. Skeletal Muscles.- 5. Perineal Muscle ("Levator Ani") Slices.- B. Mouse.- 1. Kidney, Liver, and Muscle Slices.- 2. Kidney Homogenate.- 3. Kidney Cell-free Systems.- C. Guinea Pig.- 1. Kidney Cell-free System.- 2. Muscle Cell-free System.- IV. Studies in Vitro.- A. Liver Slices.- B. Perineal Muscles.- "Levator Ani".- V. Summary.- References.- B. Regulation of Nucleic Acid Synthesis by Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids..- I. Introduction.- II. Mouse.- A. Kidney.- 1. Total Changes.- 2. Subcellular Changes.- 3. Biosynthesis.- B. Liver.- C. Thymus.- D. Perineal Muscle.- "Levator Ani".- III. Rat.- A. Liver and Kidney.- B. Muscle.- 1. Skeletal.- 2. Perineal.- IV. Guinea Pig.- Skeletal Muscle.- V. Rabbit.- Heart.- VI. Summary.- References.- C. Regulation of Tissue Enzymes..- I. Introduction.- II. Kidney.- A. Amino Acid-Related.- 1. Transaminases and Glutamic Acid Dehydrogenase.- 2. D-Amino Acid Oxidase.- 3. Arginase.- 4. Transcarbamylases.- 5. Amidotransferases.- 6. Histamine Methyltransferase.- 7. Histidine Decarboxylase.- 8. Ornithine Decarboxylase.- 9. Cathepsin.- 10. Acetylating Enzyme.- 11. Aminopeptidase.- B. Hydrolases.- 1. Phosphatases.- 2. Esterases.- 3. Ribonucleases.- 4. ?-Glucuronidase.- 5. Glycosidases.- C. Oxidative and Glycolytic Enzymes.- D. ?-Hydroxybutyrate Dehydrogenase.- E. Alcohol Dehydrogenase.- III. Liver.- A. Amino Acid-Related.- 1. Transaminases and Glutamic Acid Dehydrogenase.- 2. D-Amino Acid Oxidase.- 3. Catalase.- 4. Tyrosine Oxidase.- 5. Tryptophan Pyrrolase.- 6. Phenylalanine Hydroxylase.- 7. Monoamine Oxidase.- 8. Arginase.- 9. Arginine Synthetase.- 10. Aspartate- and Ornithine-Transcarbamylases.- 11. Creatine-Synthesizing Enzymes.- 12. Histidase.- 13. Decarboxylases.- B. Hydrolases.- 1. Phosphatases.- 2. Glucose-6-Phosphatase.- 3. Esterases.- C. Folate Enzymes.- D. N-Methylnicotinamide Oxidase.- E. Oxidative and Glycolytic Enzymes.- F. Fatty Acid Dehydrogenase.- IV. Muscle.- A. Amino Acid-Related.- B. Hydrolases.- C. Oxidative and Glycolytic Enzymes.- 1. Rat.- 2. Rabbit.- 3. Guinea Pig.- V. Gastrointestinal Tract.- A. Oxidases, Dehydrogenases, Phosphatases.- 1. Rat.- 2. Mouse.- B. Glycolytic Enzymes.- C. Folate-Metabolizing En…