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The Physiological Effects of Ageing is a comprehensive
resource for all nurses working with older people, enabling them to
apply their knowledge of the ageing process to their practice, and,
in doing so, enhance care delivery. This book emphasizes the normal
ageing changes before considering possible effects of ageing on
body systems, using as its framework Roper, Logan and
Tierney's activities of living. Although problems associated
with ageing are identified, nursing assessment and interventions
are considered which can help reduce the impact these changes have
on a person's functional ability.
Special Features:
Explores current theories of ageing
Makes use of reflective points and points of practice
Looks at key topics of maintaining a safe environment and
communication
Discusses error theory, free radical theory and the immune
theory
A highly accessible text which encourages holistic
patient-centred care
Autorentext
ALISTAIR FARLEY, MSc, BSc, DipN, RGN, RMN
Lecturer in Nursing, University of Dundee
Develop/Teach into pre (CFP and adult branch) and post registration
programmes of nursing.
ELLA McLAFFERTY PhD, BSc, DipN, RGN, SCM, RNT
Senior Lecturer, University of Dundee
Senior Lecturer with the strategic responsibility of developing
Inter-professional Education.
CARLES HENDRY PhD, BA(Hons), DipN, RGN, RMN, RCT,
RNT
Senior Lecturer in Nursing, University of Dundee
Also currently working with the Research Dean in the role of
Research Development Facilitator.
Zusammenfassung
The Physiological Effects of Ageing is a comprehensive resource for all nurses working with older people, enabling them to apply their knowledge of the ageing process to their practice, and, in doing so, enhance care delivery. This book emphasizes the normal ageing changes before considering possible effects of ageing on body systems, using as its framework Roper, Logan and Tierney's activities of living. Although problems associated with ageing are identified, nursing assessment and interventions are considered which can help reduce the impact these changes have on a person's functional ability.
Special Features:
Inhalt
Author profi les xiii
Preface xv
1 Growing Older 1
Introduction 1
Drivers in the care of older adults 2
Activities of living 3
Overall aims 4
References 5
2 Theories of Ageing 7
Aims 7
Learning Outcomes 7
Introduction 7
Ageing theories 7
Error theory 8
Free radical theory 8
Immune theory 9
Programmed theory of ageing: changes in cell replication 10
Neuroendocrine theory 11
Effects of ageing on homeostasis and body function 11
Summary 12
References and further reading 13
3 Maintaining a Safe Environment 14
Aims 14
Learning Outcomes 14
Introduction 14
Immune system 15
Physical/mechanical and chemical barriers 15
Phagocytosis 15
Acute infl ammatory response 16
Typical immune response to the presence of pathogenic microorganisms 17
Relationship between innate (non-specifi c) and acquired (specifi c) immunity 17
Wound healing 18
Ageing changes in the immune system 19
Changes in the thymus 20
T cell function 20
B cell function 20
Natural killer cells 21
Infl ammatory process 21
Nutrition 22
Changes to the skin and mucous membranes 23
HIV/AIDS 24
Assessment of the immune system 24
HIV/AIDS 26
Stages of HIV infection 26
Modes of transmission related to older adults 26
Issues relating to older people and HIV/AIDS 27
Summary 29
References and further reading 30
Useful websites 31
4 Communicating 32
Aims 32
Learning Outcomes 32
Introduction 32
Normal structure and function 33
The nervous system 33
Ageing changes in the nervous system 39
Brain 39
Neuronal loss 39
Neuronal networks 40
Neurotransmitters 40
Lipofuscin and neurofi brillary tangles 41
Movement 41
Changes in the spinal cord 41
The eye 42
Structures of the eye 42
Aqueous humour and vitreous humour 43
Accessory structures 43
Physiology of vision 43
Refraction 44
Accommodation 44
Constriction 44
Convergence 44
Retina and the conversion of light to an electrical signal 44
Ageing changes in the eye 45
The ear 46
Normal structure and function 46
Physiology of sound 48
Ageing changes in hearing and vestibular function 49
Conditions associated with communication diffi culty in older adults 49
Delirium 49
Assessment for delirium 51
Management 52
Pain in older people 53
Epidemiology of pain for older people 53
Criteria for choosing a pain assessment tool 54
Other factors 58
Management of pain for older people 59
Parkinson's disease 59
Pathophysiology 60
Diagnosis 62
Medical management 62
Nursing management 63
Summary 64
References and further reading 64
Useful websites 66
5 Breathing 67
Aims 67
Learning Outcomes 67
Introduction 67
Normal structure and function 68
Upper respiratory tract 68
Lower respiratory tract 69
Mechanics of respiration 71
The mechanics of breathing 71
Inspiration 71
Expiration 72
Gas exchange 73
Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport 73
Control of breathing 73
Nervous system control 73 Chemical control 74</p&g...