Eco-generative Design for Early Stages of Architecture

This book can be first considered as a complete synthesis of the EcCoGen ANR project (2011-2012), involving researchers from different French labs (including MAP) and domains, breaking major difficulties of the real-time generative design in the early stages of a pre-architectural project. Then the scope becomes larger, and the authors introduce major prospects following recent advances on natural and artificial evolution.

Auteur
Xavier Marsault, CNRS, France

Contenu

Introduction xi

Chapter 1. Context 1

1.1. The environmental context 1

1.1.1. Ecology: an ancient concept 1

1.1.2. The Anthropocene and urban concentration 2

1.1.3. The increase in the Earth's temperature 3

1.1.4. Architecture and environmental thinking 3

1.2. The energy context 4

1.2.1. The energy crisis 4

1.2.2. Energy consumption in houses 5

1.2.3. Strong measures 6

1.2.4. Smart city versus energetic city 6

1.3. The technological context 7

1.4. The economic and social context 8

1.5. The professional context 9

1.5.1. The roles of the architect today 9

1.5.2. Architectural design and the numerous constraints 10

1.5.3. Issues that call into question the fields of development and the living environment 11

1.6. The instrumental context 11

1.6.1. Transformational tools unsuited to the creative process 11

1.6.2. A lack of assessment tools from the sketching phase 12

1.6.3. The need for computer-based modeling 13

1.7. The programmatic context 14

1.7.1. Sketching and creativity phases 14

1.7.2. Support tools 15

1.8. The cognitive, ergonomic and sensory contexts 17

1.8.1. Psycho-cognitive issues 17

1.8.2. Humanmachine interfaces (HMI) 18

1.8.3. Stimulating the creativity of architects in the sketching phase 18

1.8.4. The comfort approach 19

Chapter 2. Eco-design 21

2.1. Eco-design of the built environment 21

2.2. Eco-design: a continually developing process 22

2.2.1. Passive tool, labeling and reference documents 23

2.2.2. From HQE to HQE-Performance 24

2.2.3. Passive building label 25

2.2.4. BBCA label 25

2.2.5. Learning to think BEPOS (E+) and low carbon (C) 26

2.2.6. The PEBN reference document 28

2.2.7. Environmentally friendly building materials 29

2.3. Life-cycle analysis (LCA) 30

2.3.1. The benefits of LCA 30

2.3.2. Main LCA software programs 31

2.3.3. Associated databases 32

2.3.4. Difficulties relating to LCA and its use 34

2.4. Eco-design and BIM 36

2.5. Eco-design and efficient morphologies 36

2.5.1. Compactness indices of a structure 37

2.5.2. The influence of building height 38

2.5.3. Density, compactness, sprawl 39

2.6. Examples of software environments adapted to generative eco-design 41

2.6.1. Genomics 42

2.6.2. Building Synthesizer 42

2.6.3. ParagenTool: performance-oriented design of large passive solar roofs 43

2.6.4. Eco.mod 43

2.6.5. VizCab 45

Chapter 3. Morphogenetics 49

3.1. Scientific formalisms of natural morphogenesis 49

3.1.1. Morphogenesis, growth and stability 49

3.1.2. Structure is law 50

3.1.3. Self-organization, Darwinism and structuralism 51

3.2. Generation of forms for architecture 52

3.2.1. Classic form modeling typology 52

3.2.2. Parametric architecture 53

3.2.3. Techno-organic architecture 54

3.2.4. An old debate 54

3.2.5. Generative architecture 55

3.2.6. Performative architecture 56

3.2.7. Eco-design and morphogenetics of energy 57

3.3. The specific case of the voxels approach 58

3.3.1. The evolving house 58

3.3.2. VOxEL 59

3.3.3. Other modular constructions 60

3.4. Optimization through genetic algorithms 62

3.4.1. Design and optimization 62

3.4.2. Algorithms and evolutionary environments 62

3.4.3. General plan of a genetic algorithm (GA) 63

3.4.4. Pareto front 65

3.4.5. Choice of fitnesses 66

3.4.6. Multi-genomic algorithms 67

3.5. Detailed presentation of a genetic algorithm 67

3.5.1. Jaszkiewicz's MOGLS 68 3.5.2. Dir...