TOR

TOR, the Target of Rapamycin was discovered a little over ten years ago in a genetic screen in S. cerevisiae in search of mutants resistant to the cytostatic effects of the anti-mycotic, rapamycin. Since that time orthologues have been identified in all eukaryotes examined to date, including humans. Recent studies have placed TOR at the interface between nutrient sensing and the regulation of major anabolic and catabolic responses. The significance of understanding the molecular mechanisms which control TOR function has been underscored by Phase 1 clinical trials, showing that rapamycin is not only therapeutically important as an immunosuppressive but is also efficacious in the treatment of solid tumors. Indeed, currently, homologues of rapamycin are in broad-based trials to determine its use in the treatment of other pathological conditions, such as inflammation and restenosis. Given these observations a great deal of attention has been drawn to TOR and its role cellular homoeostasis and human disease. Here we have gathered the leading figures in the field to summarize their own contributions to uncovering TOR function and to speculate where they think the field will be moving in the next few years.

Contenu

TOR: the first ten years.- The role of phosphatases in TOR signaling in yeast.- Yeast TOR signaling: a mechanism for metabolic regulation.- Nutrient signaling through TOR kinases control gene expression and cellular differentiation in fungi.- Autophagy in yeast: a TOR-mediated response to nutrient starvation.- The fission yeast TOR proteins and the rapamycin response: an unexpected tale.- Plant growth and the TOR pathway.- TOR action in mammalian cells and C. elegans.- Genetic analysis of TOR signaling in Drosophila.- Interplay between growth factor and nutrient signaling: lessons from Drosophila TOR.- mTOR signaling to translation.- Modulation of the protein kinase activity of mTOR.- Role of mTOR signaling in the control of translation initiation and elongation by nutrients.- Novel regulatory mechanisms of mTOR signaling.- Raptor and mTOR: subunits of a nutrient-sensitive complex.- Kinase activities associated with mTOR.- mTOR: a mediator of intracellular homeostasis.- mTOR as a positive regulator of tumor cell response to hypoxia.- Retroviral oncogenes and TOR.- mTOR as a target for cancer therapy.- Subject index.