The Art of Drug Synthesis

The Art of Drug Synthesis illustrates how chemistry, biology,
pharmacokinetics, and a host of other disciplines come together to
produce successful medicines. The authors have compiled a
collection of 21 representative categories of drugs, from which
they have selected as examples many of the best-selling drugs on
the market today. An introduction to each drug is provided, as well
as background to the biology, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and
drug metabolism, followed by a detailed account of the drug
synthesis.

• Edited by prominent scientists working in drug discovery for
  Pfizer

• Meets the needs of a growing community of researchers in
  pharmaceutical R&D

• Provides a useful guide for practicing pharmaceutical
  scientists as well as a text for medicinal chemistry students

• An excellent follow-up to the very successful first book by
  these editors, Contemporary Drug Synthesis, but with all new
  therapeutic categories and drugs discussed.

Auteur

Douglas S. Johnson, PHD, is a Research Chemist at Pfizer
Global Research and Development.

Jie Jack Li, PHD, is a Research Chemist at Pfizer Global
Research and Development.

Résumé
The Art of Drug Synthesis illustrates how chemistry, biology, pharmacokinetics, and a host of other disciplines come together to produce successful medicines. The authors have compiled a collection of 21 representative categories of drugs, from which they have selected as examples many of the best-selling drugs on the market today. An introduction to each drug is provided, as well as background to the biology, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and drug metabolism, followed by a detailed account of the drug synthesis.

• Edited by prominent scientists working in drug discovery for Pfizer
• Meets the needs of a growing community of researchers in pharmaceutical R&D
• Provides a useful guide for practicing pharmaceutical scientists as well as a text for medicinal chemistry students
• An excellent follow-up to the very successful first book by these editors, Contemporary Drug Synthesis, but with all new therapeutic categories and drugs discussed.

Contenu

Foreword xi

Preface xiii

Contributors xv

1 THE ROLE OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY IN DRUG DISCOVERY 1
John A. Lowe, III

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Hurdles in the Drug Discovery Process 2

1.3 The Tools of Medicinal Chemistry 3

1.4 The Role of Synthetic Chemistry in Drug Discovery 6

2 PROCESS RESEARCH: HOW MUCH? HOW SOON? 11
Neal G. Anderson

2.1 Introduction 11

2.2 Considerations for Successful Scale-up to Tox Batches and Phase I Material 15

2.3 Considerations for Phase 2 Material and Beyond 16

2.4 Summary 26

I CANCER AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES

3 AROMATASE INHIBITORS FOR BREAST CANCER: EXEMESTANE (AROMASIN), ANASTROZOLE (ARIMIDEX), AND LETROZOLE (FEMARA) 31
Jie Jack Li

3.1 Introduction 32

3.2 Synthesis of Exemestane 35

3.3 Synthesis of Anastrozole 36

3.4 Synthesis of Letrozole 37

4 QUINOLONE ANTIBIOTICS: LEVOFLOXACIN (LEVAQUIN), MOXIFLOXACIN (AVELOX), GEMIFLOXACIN (FACTIVE), AND GARENOXACIN (T-3811) 39
Chris Limberakis

4.1 Introduction 40

4.2 Levofloxacin 47

4.3 Moxifloxacin 57

4.4 Gemifloxacin 60

4.5 Garenoxacin (T-3811): A Promising Clinical Candidate 64

5 TRIAZOLE ANTIFUNGALS: ITRACONAZOLE (SPORANOX), FLUCONAZOLE (DIFLUCAN), VORICONAZOLE (VFEND), AND FOSFLUCONAZOLE (PRODIF) 71
Andrew S. Bell

5.1 Introduction 72

5.2 Synthesis of Itraconazole 74

5.3 Synthesis of Fluconazole 76

5.4 Synthesis of Voriconazole 77

5.5 Synthesis of Fosfluconazole 80

6 NON-NUCLEOSIDE HIV REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS 83
Arthur Harms

6.1 Introduction 84

6.2 Synthesis of Nevirapine 85

6.3 Synthesis of Efavirenz 87

6.4 Synthesis of Delavirdine Mesylate 90

7 NEURAMINIDASE INHIBITORS FOR INFLUENZA: OSELTAMIVIR PHOSPHATE (TAMIFLU) AND ZANAMIVIR (RELENZA) 95
Douglas S. Johnson and Jie Jack Li

7.1 Introduction 95

7.1.1 Relenza 97

7.1.2 Tamiflu 97

7.2 Synthesis of Oseltamivir Phosphate (Tamiflu) 99

7.3 Synthesis of Zanamivir (Relenza) 110

II CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC DISEASES

8 PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR (PPAR) AGONISTS FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES 117
Jin Li

8.1 Introduction 117

8.2 Synthesis of Rosiglitazone 121

8.3 Synthesis of Pioglitazone 122

8.4 Synthesis of Muraglitazar 124

9 ANGIOTENSIN AT1 ANTAGONISTS FOR HYPERTENSION 129
Larry Yet

9.1 Introduction 130

9.2 Losartan Potassium 132

9.3 Valsartan 134

9.4 Irbesartan 135

9.5 Candesartan Cilexetil 136

9.6 Olmesartan Medoxomil 137

9.7 Eprosartan Mesylate 138

9.8 Telmisartan 139

10 LEADING ACE INHIBITORS FOR HYPERTENSION 143
Victor J. Cee and Edward J. Olhava

10.1 Introduction 144

10.2 Synthesis of Enalapril Maleate 146

10.3 Synthesis of Lisinopril 147

10.4 Synthesis of Quinapril 148

10.5 Synthesis of Benazepril 150

10.6 Synthesis of Ramipril 151

10.7 Synthesis of Fosinopril Sodium 154

11 DIHYDROPYRIDINE CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS FOR HYPERTENSION 159
Daniel P. Christen

11.1 Introduction 160

11.2 Synthesis of Nifedipine (Adalat) 162

11.3 Synthesis of Felodepine (Plendil) 163

11.4 Synthesis of Amlodipine Besylate (Norvasc) 164

11.5 Synthesis of Azelnidipine (Calblock) 165

12 SECOND-GENERATION HMG-CoA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS 169
Jeffrey A. Pfefferkorn 12.1 Introduction...