Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is one of the most important processes that affects all life on Earth, and, even now in the twenty-first century, it is still being studied and tested by scientists, chemists, and botanists. Regardless of politics or opinion, climate change is one of the most polarizing and important, potentially dangerous, issues facing the future of our planet, and a better understanding of photosynthesis, and how it is changing with our global climate, could hold the answers to many scientific questions regarding this important phenomenon. This edited volume, written by some of the world s foremost authorities on photosynthesis, presents revolutionary new ideas and theories about photosynthesis, and how it can be viewed and studied at various levels within organisms. Focusing on the molecular, cellular, and organismic levels, the scientists who compiled this volume offer the student or scientist a new approach to an old subject. Looking through this new lens, we can continue to learn more about the natural world in which we live and our place in it. Valuable to the veteran scientist and student alike, this is a must-have volume for anyone who is researching, studying, or writing about photosynthesis. There are other volumes available that cover the subject, from textbooks to monographs, but this is the first time that a group of papers from this perspective has been gathered by an editor for publication. It is an important and enlightening work on a very important subject that is integral to life on Earth.

Auteur

Suleyman I. Allakhverdiev, PhD, is the Chief Research Scientist at the Institute of Basic Biological Problems (IBBP), Russian Academy of Sciences. He is on the editorial boards of the International Journal of Hydrogen Energy and The Open Structural Biology Journal and has been a guest editor on four other journals. He has authored or co-authored over 300 papers in various scholarly journals and holds 11 patents. He has been working as a visiting professor in over 30 countries and has presented papers at more than 70 international and national conferences.?He has also organized two international conferences on photosynthesis.

Contenu

Preface xiii

List of Contributors xvii

**1 The Multiple Roles of Various Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Photosynthetic Organisms 1
Franz-Josef Schmitt, Vladimir D. Kreslavski, Sergey K. Zharmukhamedov, Th omas Friedrich, Gernot Renger, Dmitry A. Los, Vladimir V. Kuznetsov and Suleyman I. Allakhverdiev

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Generation, Decay and Deleterious Action of ROS 7

1.3 Non-photochemical Quenching in Plants and Cyanobacteria 15

1.4 Monitoring of ROS 19

1.4.1 Exogenous ROS Sensors 20

1.4.2 Genetically Encoded ROS Sensors 25

1.4.3 Chromophore-Assisted Laser Inactivation (CALI) 28

1.5 Signaling Role of ROS 30

1.5.1 Signaling by Superoxide and Hydrogen Peroxide in Cyanobacteria 37

1.5.2 Signaling by 1gO2 and Hydrogen Peroxide in Eukaryotic Cells and Plants 41

1.6 Light-Induced ROS and Cell Redox Control and Interaction with the Nuclear Gene Expression 45

1.7 Second Messengers and Signaling Molecules in H2O2 Signaling Chains and (Nonlinear) Networking 49

1.8 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives 55

Acknowledgments 56

Abbreviations 57

References 58

**2 Photooxidation of Mn-bicarbonate Complexes by Reaction Centers of Purple Bacteria as a Possible Stage in the Evolutionary Origin of the Water-Oxidizing Complex of Photosystem II 85
Vasily V. Terentyev, Andrey A. Khorobrykh and Vyacheslav V. Klimov

2.1 Introduction 86

2.2 Appearance of Photosynthesis 87

2.3 Classification of Photosynthetic Bacteria 88

2.4 Mechanism of Light Energy Transformation during Photosynthesis 90

2.5 The Water-oxidizing Complex of Photosystem II 92

2.6 Localization and Function of Bicarbonate in Photosystem II 95

2.7 Composition and Electrochemical Properties of Mn2+-bicarbonate Complexes 100

2.8 A Possible Role of Mn2+-bicarbonate Complexes for the Origin and Evolution of the Inorganic Core of the Water-oxidizing Complex of Photosystem II 104

2.9 Investigation of Redox Interaction Between Mn2+ and Type II Reaction Centers of Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria in the Presence of Bicarbonate 107

2.10 Influence of the Redox Potential of the +/ Pair and Steric Accessibility of P+ on Electron Donation

from Mn2+ to Type II Reaction Centers from Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria in the Presence of Bicarbonate 113

2.11 Conclusions 121

Acknowledgments 122

Abbreviations 122

References 123

**3 Hydrogen Metabolism in Microalgae 133
Anatoly A. Tsygankov, Azat Abdullatypov

3.1 Introduction 133

3.2 Physiology of Hydrogen Metabolism 134

3.3 Hydrogenases 136

3.4 Ferredoxin 139

Contents ix

3.5 Nutrient Deprivation 140

3.6 Physiological Significance of Light-Dependent Hydrogen Production 146

3.7 Practical Importance of Hydrogen Photoproduction 147

3.8 Towards Practical Application of Microalgal Hydrogen Production 151

3.8.1 Hydrogenase Modifications 151

3.8.2 Elimination of Routes Competitive to H2 production 152

3.8.3 The Role of Transmembrane Gradient of the Potential 153

3.9 Conclusion 154

Acknowledgements 154

Abbreviations 154

References 155

**4 The Structure and Regulation of Chloroplast ATP Synthase 163
Alexander N. Malyan

4.1 Introduction 163

4.2 The Structure and Functional Basics of Chloroplast ATP Synthase 164

4.3 The Thiol-Dependent Mechanism of Chloroplast ATP Synthase Regulation 166

4.4 The Nucleotide-Dependent Mechanism of Chloroplast ATP Synthase Regulation 167

4.5 The Properties and the Role of Chloroplast ATPase Noncatalytic Sites 168

4.6 Conclusion 173

Abbreviations 173

References 173 **5 Structural and Functional Organization of the Pigment-Protein Complexes of the Photosystems in Mutant Cells of Green Algae and Higher Plants 179
*Vladimir G. Ladygin&...