Scattering Techniques Applied to Supramolecular and Nonequilibrium Systems

This Advanced Study Institute was held at -lellesley College, Wellesley, MA. , from 3 to 12 August 1980. It followed by four years the second "Capri ~,chool on Photon Correlation Spectroscopy". During the intervening period there had been many new applications of dynamic light scattering techniques to the study of systems whose properties depend either on collective molecular interactions or on the formation or activity of supramo1ecu1ar structures. Con­ sequently, emphasis at this conference was on light scattering studies of subjects such as dynamical correlations in dense polymer solutions, phase transitions in gels, spinodal decomposition of binary fluids, Benard instabilities in nonequilibrium fluids, the formation of micelles and phospholipid vesicles, and movements of the molecular assemblies of muscle tissue. The instructional pro­ gramme also included tutorial lectures on two complementary spec­ troscopic techniques which have benefited from dramatic advances in instrumentation, these being small angle X-ray (SAXS) and small angle neutron (SANS) scattering. Strong cold neutron and synchro­ tron X-ray sources have become available, and data now can be acquired rapidly with newly developed position-sensitive detectors. Several reviews of recent applications of SAXS and SANS were also provided. The organizers of the ASI hoped to provide a forum for theoreticians and experimentalists to assess advances in fields which, although related, were sufficiently different that a great deal of unfamiliar information could be communicated. The order­ ing of the papers in this volume closely approximates that of the talks presented at the Advanced Study Institute.

Contenu

I - Advances in Instrumentation and Techniques.- Interaction of Thermal Neutrons and Photons with Matter.- Neutron Small Angle Scattering, Instruments and Applications.- Quasielastic Neutron Spin-Echo Spectroscopy.- The National Center for Small-Angle Scattering Research.- Recent Developments in Photon Correlation and Spectrum Analysis Techniques: I. Instrumentation for Photodetection Spectroscopy.- Recent Developments in Photon Correlation and Spectrum Analysis Techniques: II. Information from Photodetection Spectroscopy.- Polarized Dynamic Light Scattering as a Probe of Macromolecular Intramolecular Motions.- Dynamic Depolarized Light Scattering from Macromolecular Systems.- The Analysis of Polydisperse Scattering Data.- A Review of Techniques for Time-Resolved X-Ray Studies on Muscle.- II - Polymer and Colloidal Systems.- Static and Dynamic Properties of Polymer Solutions.- Small Angle Neutron Scattering by Polymer Solutions.- Quasielastic Light Scattering from Polymer Gels.- Phase Transition in Gels.- Light Scattering Study of Ganglioside Micelles and Mixed Micelles with a Nonionic Amphiphile.- Kinetics of Growth of Phospholipid Vesicles.- Micellar Size as a Function of Pressure, Temperature, and Salt Concentration for a Series of Cationic Surfactants.- III - Nonequilibrium Systems.- The Dynamics of Phase Separation Near the Critical Point: Spinodal Decomposition and Nucleation.- New Critical Behavior Induced by Shear Flow in Binary Fluids.- Fluctuations in Nonequilibrium Critical Phenomena.- Hydrodynamic Instability: Structure and Chaos.- Study of Rayleigh-Bénard Convection Properties Through Optical Measurements.- Convective Instabilities in a Horizontal Binary Liquid Layer.- Low Angle Brillouin Scattering in Systems Under Temperature Gradient.- Fluctuations in Steady State Systems.- Models of Stochastic Behavior in Non-Equilibrium Steady States.- IV - Biological Applications.- Applications of Small Angle Neutron Scattering to Biological Systems.- Light Scattering from Cells.- Motility Studies of Large Cells.- Dynamic Laser Scattering Study of Sperm Migration Through Cervical Mucus.- Laser Doppler Continuous Real-Time Monitor of Pulsatile and Mean Blood Flow in Tissue Microcirculation.- Phase Separation of Cytoplasma in the Lens.- Structures and Dynamics of Muscle Cells and Muscle Proteins Studied by Intensity Fluctuation Spectroscopy of Laser Light.- V - Contributed Papers.- A. Techniques.- A1. Determination of Large Molecular Weights by Fluctuation Spectroscopy with Quasielastic Light Scattering.- A2. Numerical Inversion of the Laplace Transform.- B. Hydrogen-Bonded Liquids.- B1. Depolarized Rayleigh Spectra and Hydrogen Bonding of Liquid 1,5- and 2,4-Pentanediol.- B2. Thermodynamic Properties of Superheated Water Deduced from Brillouin Scattering Measurements.- C. Polymer Solutions.- C1. Osmotic Compressibility and Linewidth of (NBS-705) Polystyrene in Methyl Acetate.- C2. The Change in the Hydrodynamic Radius of Polystyrene Around the Theta Temperature.- D. Colloids, Microemulsions, and Micelles.- D1. Microscopic Structure of Sheared Colloids.- D2. Light Scattering Study of Water in Oil Microemulsions.- D3. Light Scattering by Oil-Water Interfaces.- D4. Dynamic Light Scattering Studies of Dodecyldimethyl-Ammonium Chloride Micelles.- D5. Critical Behavior of a Microemulsion.- D6. The Sphere-Rod Transition in SDS Micelles.- E. Biomacromolecules.- E1. Light Scattering Study of the Physical Structure of Human Cervical Mucus.- E2. Conformational Change of Protein/SDS Complex in Low Ionic Strength Solution - A Study by Dynamic Light Scattering.- E3. Heat Aggregation of Human IgG. A Dynamic Light Scattering Study.- E4. Quasielastic Light Scattering Studies of Microtubule Assembly in Vitro.- F. Organelles and Viruses.- F1. Photon Correlation Spectroscopy of Centrifuged Solutions. Application to Artemia Ribosome Subunits.- F2. Quasielastic Light Scattering and Electrophoretic Light Scattering Studies on Mononucleosomes and Polynucleosomes.- F3. Electrophoretic Light Scattering of Red Cell Membrane Vesicles: A Study of the Electrical Charges of the Cytoplasmic Membrane Surface.- F4. Neutron and Light Scattering Studies of Brome Mosaic Virus and its Protein.- G. Cells.- G1. Scaling of Halfwidths with Scattering Vector for Autocorrelation Functions from Normally Swimming Bovine Spermatozoa.- G2. Light Scattering Studies of Cataract.- G3. Laser Light Scattering on Bacterial Colonies as a Possible Tool for Rapid Identification.- G4. A Quasielastic Light Scattering and Cinematographic Investigation of Motile Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii.- G5. Solution of a Non-linear Fokker-Planck Equation Governing Bacterial Chemotactic Band Formation and Propagation by Stochastic Computer Simulation Method.- G6. A Run-Twiddle Model for the Self Correlation Function of Bacteria in Chemotactic Bands.- G7. Quasi-elastic Light Scattering Studies of Muscular Contraction.- Participants.