Polymer Electrolytes

Dieses hochaktuelle Handbuch bietet detaillierte und aktuelle Informationen zur Charakterisierung und Anwendung von Polymerelektrolyten. Band 1 behandelt die verschiedenen Eigenschaften von Polymerelektrolyten nach verschiedenen Verfahren sowie Theorie, Datenanalyse und Fehlerkontrolle. Band 2 führt in Energieanwendungen, z. B. Batterien, Superkondensatoren, Kraftstoff- und Solarzellen, und erläutert die Herausforderungen bestimmter elektrochemischer Systeme.
Aufgrund seines interdisziplinären Inhalts, von der Elektrochemie über die physikalische Chemie bis hin zu Energieanwendungen, richtet sich dieses Referenzwerk an Wissenschaftler in Hochschulen und der Industrie.

Auteur

Tan Winie is Associate Professor in the School of Physics and Material Science at Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. She is an Associate Fellow of the Malaysian Scientific Association. Abdul Kariem Arof is a retired Professor in the Department of Physics at University of Malaya, Malaysia. Sabu Thomas is Professor, School of Chemical Sciences and Vice Chancellor, Mahatma Gandhi University, India.

Résumé
A comprehensive overview of the main characterization techniques of polymer electrolytes and their applications in electrochemical devices

Polymer Electrolytes is a comprehensive and up-to-date guide to the characterization and applications of polymer electrolytes. The authors ? noted experts on the topic ? discuss the various characterization methods, including impedance spectroscopy and thermal characterization. The authors also provide information on the myriad applications of polymer electrolytes in electrochemical devices, lithium ion batteries, supercapacitors, solar cells and electrochromic windows.

Over the past three decades, researchers have been developing new polymer electrolytes and assessed their application potential in electrochemical and electrical power generation, storage, and conversion systems. As a result, many new polymer electrolytes have been found, characterized, and applied in electrochemical and electrical devices. This important book:

-Reviews polymer electrolytes, a key component in electrochemical power sources, and thus benefits scientists in both academia and industry
-Provides an interdisciplinary resource spanning electrochemistry, physical chemistry, and energy applications
-Contains detailed and comprehensive information on characterization and applications of polymer electrolytes

Written for materials scientists, physical chemists, solid state chemists, electrochemists, and chemists in industry professions, Polymer Electrolytes is an essential resource that explores the key characterization techniques of polymer electrolytes and reveals how they are applied in electrochemical devices.

Contenu
Preface xiii

1 Polymer Electrolytes: State of the Art **1
**Masashi Kotobuki

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Solid Polymer Electrolyte 4

1.3 Gel Polymer Electrolyte 8

1.4 Composite Polymer Electrolyte 12

1.5 Summary 17

References 17

2 Impedance Spectroscopy in Polymer Electrolyte Characterization **23
**Mohamed Abdul Careem, Ikhwan Syafiq Mohd Noor, and Abdul K. Arof

2.1 Introduction 23

2.2 IS: Principal Operation and Experimental Setup 23

2.2.1 Basic Principles of Impedance Spectroscopy 23

2.2.2 Impedance Spectroscopy (IS) Technique 25

2.2.3 Electrical Conductivity of a Sample 26

2.2.4 Conditions Necessary for IS Measurements 26

2.2.5 Impedance Plots of Simple Circuits 28

2.2.5.1 A Pure Resistance, R 28

2.2.5.2 A Pure Capacitance, C 28

2.2.5.3 R and C Connected in Series 29

2.2.5.4 R and C Connected in Parallel 30

2.2.5.5 Combined Series and Parallel Circuits 31

2.2.5.6 Impedance Spectra of Model Electrolyte Systems 32

2.2.6 Possible Conduction Processes in a Solid Electrolyte 35

2.2.7 Impedance Spectra of Real Systems 36

2.2.7.1 The Constant Phase Element (CPE) 37

2.2.7.2 Equivalent Circuits for Real Systems 37

2.2.7.3 Electrolyte/Electrode (E/E) Interface 39

2.2.7.4 Diffusion Impedance or Mass Transport Impedance 39

2.2.7.5 Warburg Impedance 40

2.2.7.6 Equivalent Circuit Representation of an E/E System 41

2.2.8 Impedance-Related Functions 42

2.2.8.1 Immittance Functions 43

2.2.8.2 Relationships Between Immittance Functions 43

2.2.8.3 Immittance Plots 43

2.2.8.4 Choice Between Immittance Functions 46

2.2.9 Experimental Setup 46

2.2.9.1 Sample and Cell Arrangement 47

2.2.9.2 Other Practical Details and Precautions 48

2.3 IS: Experimental Data Interpretation and Analysis 49

2.3.1 Determination of Bulk Resistance from the Impedance Plots 49

2.3.2 Impedance Data Interpretation and Analysis 50

2.3.2.1 Interpretation of Impedance Data 51

2.3.2.2 Choice of Equivalent Circuits 51

2.3.3 Determination of Transport Parameters from Impedance Data 53

2.3.3.1 BandaraMellander (BM) Method 53

2.3.3.2 Nyquist Plot Fitting Method 57

2.3.4 Some Experimental Results and Analysis 59

2.3.4.1 Conductivity Calculation of Impedance Plots 59

2.3.4.2 Conductivity Determination from Fitting Equivalent Circuit 60

2.3.4.3 Evaluation of Transport Properties using Nyquist Plot Fitting Method 60

2.4 Conclusions 63

References 64

3 Thermal Characterization of Polymer Electrolytes **65
**Aparna Thankappan, Manuel Stephan, and Sabu Thomas

3.1 Introduction 65

3.2 TGA: Experimental Data Interpretation and Analysis 67

3.3 DSC: Experimental Data Interpretation and Analysis 75

3.4 DSC: Experimental Errors and Suggestion for Improvement 82

3.4.1 Transition(s) at 0C 83

3.4.2 Apparent Melting at *T*g 83

3.4.3 Exothermic Peaks Below Decomposition Temperature While Heating 84

3.4.4 Baseline Shift after Endothermic or Exothermic Peaks 86

3.4.5 Sharp Endothermic Peaks During Exothermic Reactions 86

3.5 DMA: Experimental Data Interpretation and Analysis 87

References 91

4 Energy in a Portable World **93
**Noor Syuhada Zakuan, Woo Haw Jiunn, and Tan Winie

4.1 Introduction 93

4.2 History Development of Mobile Power 94

4.3 Caring for Mobile Power from Birth to Retirement 102

4.3.1 Getting the Most Out of the Primary Batteries 103 4.3.2 Getti...