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Der Tunnelbaumarkt in der Türkei wird in den nächsten Jahren deutlich zunehmen. Es sind Investitionen von mehreren Mrd. Euro geplant. Ein erheblicher Teil davon wird mit maschinellen Vortrieben umgesetzt. Das Buch beschreibt die Besonderheiten der geotechnischen Bedingungen in der Türkei und zeigt anhand von konkreten Fallstudien auf, welchen Einfluss die Randbedingungen auf die Maschinentechnik haben (Wahl der Vortriebsmaschine, Wahl der Werkzeuge), wieweit die Vortriebsleistungen beeinträchtigt werden und welche Vorauserkundungs- und Sicherheitsmaßnahmen erforderlich sind.
Auteur
Prof. Dr. Nuh Bilgin is professor at the Mining Engineering Department of Istanbul Technical University. He has published more than one hundred papers on mechanized mining and tunneling technologies, and is currently chairman of the Turkish Tunneling Society.
Prof. Dr. Hanifi Copur works as an academician in the Mining Engineering Department of the Istanbul Technical University. He is an expert for mechanical mining and tunneling and is a board member of the Turkish Tunneling Society.
Prof. Dr. Cemal Balci is professor at the Mining Engineering Department of Istanbul Technical University, and has worked on many national and international implementation and research projects concerning mechanized mining and tunneling technologies. He is a board member of the Turkish Tunneling Society.
Résumé
The book relates experience of TBM drives in difficult geology, making use of case studies from Turkey to demonstrate the influence of the local geotechnical conditions on the selection of a tunnel boring machine and the selection of tools. There is an extensive description how various geological phenomena, such as for example transition zones, dikes, rock discontinuities, blocky ground, squeezing ground, swelling clays and high strength and abrasive rocks, can reduce the advance rate and what countermeasures can be introduced. There is also a discussion of necessary advance probing and safety measures. Since the presented practical experience from Turkey can also be applicable for other tunnel projects in difficult geology, the book represents a valuable source of knowledge for every tunneler.
Contenu
Preface VII
Acknowledgements IX
About the Authors XI
1 Introduction 1
2 Geology of Turkey and Istanbul, expected problems, some cuttability characteristics of the rocks 3
2.1 Introduction 3
2.2 Geology of Turkey 3
2.3 Geology of Istanbul 4
2.4 TBM performance in different projects in Istanbul 6
2.5 Description of geological formations in Istanbul, physical and mechanical properties 8
2.6 Full-scale linear rock cutting tests with disc cutters in rock samples collected from different projects in Istanbul 40
2.7 Conclusions 68
References 70
3 Difficult ground conditions dictating selection of TBM type in Istanbul 73
3.1 Introduction 73
3.2 Case study of open TBM in complex geology (1989), in Baltalimani tunnel: Why open type TBM failed 73
3.3 Double shield TBM in the IstanbulModa collector tunnel, 1989/90 80
3.4 Double shield TBM working without precast segment, difficulties in difficult ground: Tuzla-Dragos tunnel in Istanbul 80
3.5 Difficulties in using slurry TBMs in complicated geology, Marmaray tunnel project 84
3.6 Difficulties in single-shield TBM working in open mode in complex geology: An example from KadikoyKartal metro tunnel 86
3.7 Eurasia tunnel excavated by a large diameter slurry TBM 88
3.8 Conclusions 88
References 90
4 Difficult ground conditions affecting performance of EPB-TBMs 91
4.1 Introduction 91
4.2 Factors affecting performance of EPB-TBMs 92
4.3 Performance prediction of EPM TBMs in difficult ground conditions 93
4.4 Conclusions 106
References 107
5 Selection of cutter type for difficult ground conditions 109
5.1 Introduction 109
5.2 Comparative studies of different type of cutters for TuzlaDragos tunnel in Istanbul test procedure and results 109
5.3 The inefficient use of tungsten carbide studded disc cutters in the MarmarayIstanbul project 114
5.4 Conclusions 115
References 116
6 Effects of North and East Anatolian Faults on TBM performances 117
6.1 Introduction 117
6.2 Kargi tunnel 117
6.3 Gerede tunnel 118
6.4 Dogancay energy tunnel 120
6.5 Nurdagi railway tunnel 122
6.6 Uluabat energy tunnel 123
6.7 Tunnels excavated by drill and blast methods 126
6.8 Conclusions 127
References 128
7 Effect of blocky ground on TBM performance and the mechanism of rock rupture 129
7.1 Introduction 129
7.2 Mechanism of rock rupture and face collapse in front of the TBM in the KozyatagiKadikoy metro tunnels in Istanbul 131
7.3 Conclusions 140
References 141
8 Effects of transition zones, dykes, fault zones and rock discontinuities on TBM performance 143
8.1 Introduction 143
8.2 Beykoz sewerage tunnel 143
8.3 KartalKadikoy metro tunnels, methodology of understanding critical zones 153
8.4 Conclusions 163
References 165
9 Squeezing grounds and their effects on TBM performance 167
9.1 Introduction 167
9.2 Basic works carried out on squeezing ground 167
9.3 Uluabat tunnel 168
9.4 Kargi Tunnel 179
References 186
10 Clogging of the TBM cutterhead 189
10.1 Introduction 189
10.2 What is clogging of a TBM cutterhead and what are the clogging materials? 189
10.3 Testing clogging effects of the ground 189
10.4 Mitigation programs to eliminate clogging 191
10.5 Clogging of TBMs in Turkish projects 192
10.6 Conclusions 207
References 208
11 Effect of high strength rocks on TBM performance 211
11.1 Introduction 211 11.2 Beykoz sewerage tunnel, replacing CCS disc cutters with V-type disc cutters to overcome undesirable limits of penetration for a maximum limit of TBM...