Nanoscience and Nanotechnology for Human Health

Unique in combining the expertise of practitioners from university hospitals and that of academic researchers, this timely monograph presents selected topics catering specifically to the needs and interests of natural scientists and engineers as well as physicians who are concerned with developing nanotechnology-based treatments to improve human health. To this end, the book cover the materials aspects of nanomedicine, such as the hierarchical structure of biological materials, the imaging of hard and soft tissues and, in particular, concrete examples of nanotechnology-based approaches in modern medical treatments. The whole is rounded off by a discussion of the opportunities and risks of using nanotechnology and nanomaterials in medicine, backed by case studies taken from real life.

Auteur
Bert Muller is Professor for Materials Science in Medicine at the University of Basel and teaches physics at ETH Zurich. He received a diploma in mechanical engineering, followed by M.Sc. degrees in Physics and English from the Dresden University of Technology, and obtained a PhD in experimental physics from the University of Hannover, Germany. For his achievements he was granted with the Morton M. Traum Award of the American Vacuum Society. Afterwards, he worked as researcher at the Paderborn University, Germany, as Feodor Lynen Fellow and research associate at the EPF Lausanne and as team leader at ETH Zurich. He has become a faculty member of the Physics Department at ETH Zurich. Ten years ago he has founded the Biomaterials Science Center. Currently, this center has more than twenty researchers dealing with nanotechnology-based artificial muscles for incontinence treatment, smart nano-containers to treat cardiovascular diseases, high-resolution X-ray imaging to visualize the human body down to the molecular level, computational sciences of tissues in health and disease and other applications of physics and nanosciences in medicine and dentistry. He is Fellow of SPIE and an active member of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts.

Marcel Van de Voorde has 40 years` experience in European Research Organisations including CERN-Geneva, European Commission, with 10 years at the Max Planck Institute in Stuttgart, Germany. For many years, he was involved in research and research strategies, policy and management, especially in European research institutions. He holds a Professorship at the University of Technology in Delft, the Netherlands, as well as multiple visiting professorships in Europe and worldwide. He holds a doctor honoris causa and various honorary Professorships.
He is senator of the European Academy for Sciences and Arts, in Salzburg and Fellow of the World Academy for Sciences. He is a Fellow of various scientific societies and has been decorated by the Belgian King. He has authored of multiple scientific and technical publications and co-edited multiple books in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

Contenu

Nanomedicine: Present Accomplishments and Far-Reaching Promises XXI

Part One Introduction to Nanoscience in Medicine of the Twenty-First Century 1

1 Challenges and Opportunities of Nanotechnology for Human Health 3
Bert Müller

References 6

2 Nanoscience and Nanotechnology and the Armory for the Twenty-First Century Health Care 9
Marcel Van de Voorde and Pankaj Vadgama

2.1 Conceptual Dream 9

2.2 A Real World Encounter 9

2.3 Mapping the Microcosm of Disease 10

2.4 Delivery at the Clinical Coal Face 10

2.5 A High Precision Aim for Disease Targets 10

2.6 A Materials Revolution for Clinical Care 11

2.7 Robotics for Microrepair and Healing 12

2.8 A Dialog with Cells 12

2.9 Stealth Materials for a More Potent Delivery 13

2.10 Improved Biointerrogation for a Better Understanding 13

2.11 Crossing the StructureFunction Threshold 14

2.12 Living Implants for a Living Matrix 15

2.13 Taming the Nanointerface 15

2.14 Where are We Now? 16

2.15 Where will the Revolution Take Us? 16

2.16 Conclusions 17

References 18

3 Nanomedicine Activities in the United States and Worldwide 21
Carlotta Borsoi, Joy Wolfram, and Mauro Ferrari

3.1 Drug Delivery 22

3.2 Diagnostics 31

3.3 Scaffolds 33

3.4 Clinically Approved Nanoproducts 37

References 39

Part Two Leading Cause of Death: Cardiovascular Diseases 51

4 Challenges in Cardiovascular Treatments Using Nanotechnology-Based Approaches 53
Till Saxer and Margaret N. Holme

4.1 Introduction 53

4.2 Unmet Needs in Cardiology 54

4.3 Nanoparticles for Treatment of CVD 58

4.4 Nanotherapeutics in Surgical Interventions 62

4.5 Conclusions 65

References 66

5 Smart Container for Targeted Drug Delivery 71
Andreas Zumbuehl

5.1 Introduction 71

5.2 Liposomes 72

5.3 Shear Forces and Vesicles 76

5.4 Conclusions 79

References 79

6 Human Nano-Vesicles in Physiology and Pathology 83
Arun Cumpelik and Jürg A. Schifferli

6.1 Introduction 83

6.2 Nomenclature and Definition 84

6.3 Stimulus for Vesicle Release 85

6.4 Overview of Extracellular Vesicle Biology 86

6.5 NVs of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes 88

6.6 Erythrocyte NVs 89

6.7 Platelet NVs 91

6.8 Conclusions 92

Acknowledgment 93

References 93

7 Challenges and Risks of Nanotechnology in Medicine: An Immunologist's Point of View 97
János Szebeni

7.1 Introduction 97

7.2 The Immune Stimulatory Vicious Cycle 98

7.3 The Cause of Immune Recognition of Nanomedicines: Similarity to Viruses 100

7.4 Processes in the Immune Stimulatory Vicious Cycle 101

7.5 Particle Features Influencing the Immune Side Effects of Nanomedicines 109

7.6 Experimental Analysis of the Adverse Immune Effects of Nanomedicines 110

7.7 Decision Tree to Guide the Evaluation of the CARPAgenic Potential of Nanomedicines 113

7.8 Outlook 114

References 114

Part Three Second Most Common Cause of Death: Cancer 125

8 Challenges of Applying Targeted Nanostructures with Multifunctional Properties in Cancer Treatments 127
Jean-Luc Coll and Jungyoon Choi

8.1 Introduction 127

8.2 Enhanced Permeability and Retention Effect 128

8.3 Physicochemical Factors that Influence NP Passive Properties 129

8.4 Targeted NPs 134

8.5 Conclusions 143

Acknowledgments 144

References 145 **9 Highly Conformal Radiotherapy Using ...