Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Tuberculosis once again occupies a special position in the areas of infec­ tious diseases and microbiology. This disease has been important to mankind since even before biblical times. Tuberculosis has been a major cause of morbidity and mortality in humans, especially in highly ur­ banized Europe, until a few decades ago. Indeed, this disease became a center of many novels, plays, and operas, since it appeared to be quite popular to have the heroine dying of "consumption. " Most importantly, tuberculosis also became the focus of attention for many investigations during the 19th and even the 20th centuries. Major advances were made in the areas of isolation and identification of M. tuberculosis and related microorganisms. The discovery, by Robert Koch, that tuberculosis was caused by an infectious agent revolutionized our thinking about dis­ eases. Koch's postulates were developed with tuberculosis in mind and became a focal point for many advances in microbiology and medicine. Studies with mycobacteria as a central focus have also led to revolu­ tionary new concepts about immunology in general. Koch himself showed that those exposed to M. tuberculosis develop a skin hypersen­ sitivity or allergy to the microorganism's antigens, an observation which was the starting point for many important developments. Indeed, imme­ diate-type hypersensitivity and atopic or IgE-mediated allergy were de­ fined in relation to the delayed-type cutaneous hypersensitivity evi­ denced with the tubercle bacillus.

Contenu

1. Mycobacterial Antigens: Reagents for Tuberculin Skin Testingand Serodiagnosisof Tuberculosis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Culture Filtrate and Bacillary Extracts as Source Materials for Tuberculin Preparation.- 3. Earlier Studies on the Preparation of Tuberculins for Skin Testing.- 4. Survey of Other Fractionation Modalities for Separating and Purifying Mycobacterial Antigens.- 5. Serologic Methods for Diagnosis of Tuberculosis.- 6. Molecular Biologic Approaches for Examining Antigens from M. tuberculosis.- References.- 2. Role of Adjuvant and Immunogenic Moieties of M. tuberculosis in Pathogenicity.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Role of Adjuvant Moieties of M. tuberculosis.- 3. Role of the Immunogenic Moieties of M. tuberculosis.- 4. Summary.- References.- 3. Genetic Background of the Host andExpression of NaturalResistance and AcquiredImmunity to M. tuberculosis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Inherited Resistance to Tuberculosis in Rabbits.- 3. Genetic Control of Tuberculosis and BCG Infection in the Mouse.- 4. Genetic Control of Tuberculosis in Humans.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- 4. Immune Response to Mycobacteria: Characterization ofImmunocompetent Cells inTuberculous Lesions of Humans.- 1. The First Contagion: The Alveolar Macrophages Represent the First-line Defense in Deep Lung.- 2. Immunity in Tuberculosis is Cell Mediated.- 3. T Lymphocytes Activate Alveolar Macrophages for Killing Tubercle Bacilli.- 4. In Vitro Model of Human Tuberculoimmunity.- 5. Lymphokines and PPD Responsiveness.- 6. The Tuberculous Lesion in Humans: Characterization of the Immunocompetent Cells.- 7. Perspectives and Conclusion.- References.- 5. The Tubercle Bacillus-Human Macrophage Relationship Studied In Vitro.- 1. The Cellular Focus of Tuberculosis.- 2. The Model and the Data It Produces.- 3. Macrophage Uptake of Tubercle Bacilli.- 4. Nature of Bacillary Growth in Cultured Human Monocytic Phagocytes.- 5. Morphology of the Tubercle Bacillus-Human Monocytic Phagocyte Relationship by Optical Microscopy.- 6. Morphology of the Tubercle Bacillus-Human Monocytic Phagocyte Relationship by Electron Microscopy.- 7. Synopsis of the Tubercle Bacillus-Human Monocytic Phagocyte Macrophage Relationship as Revealed by the in Vitro Model.- References.- 6. Regulation and Pharmacology of GranulomatousInflammation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Murine Schistosomiasis as a Model of Granulomatous Inflammation.- 3. Granulomatous Inflammation Induced by Killed BCG or by BCG Cell Walls.- 4. Genetic Control of Host Resistance to BCG.- 5. Pharmacologic Control of Granulomatous Inflammation.- 6. Summary.- References.- 7. Cytolytic T Cells in M. tuberculosisInfections.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Results.- 3. Discussion.- 4. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 8. Anergy and Other Immunologic Perturbances in Mycobacterial Infections: Overview.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Immune Spectrum in Human Mycobacterial Diseases.- 3. The Immune Spectrum in Experimental Mycobacterial Infections.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 9. Anergy in Experimental Mouse Models of MycobacterialInfection.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Manifestations of Anergy in Vitro.- 3. Possible Mechanisms Underlying Unresponsiveness in Vitro.- 4. Manifestations of Anergy in Vivo.- 5. Unresponsiveness to Unrelated Antigens.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- 10. Suppressor Cells in Mycobacterial Infections.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Suppressor Cells Induced by Mycobacterial Infection.- 3. Cell-Cell Interactions Responsible for Ts-Cell Induction.- 4. Mechanisms Underlying the Suppression Induced by Mycobacterial Infection.- 5. Future Prospect.- References.- 11. Immunoregulatory Function ofMononuclear Phagocytes inTuberculosis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Immune Induction and Effector Functions of Mononuclear Phagocytes.- 3. Immunosuppression by Mononuclear Phagocytes.- 4. Immunosuppressive Mycobacterial Products.- 5. Immunosuppression by Adherent Mononuclear Cells in Tuberculosis.- 6. Adherent Mononuclear Cell Subpopulations Responsible for Suppression.- 7. Cellular Properties Associated with Immunosuppression.- 8. Mediators of Immunosuppression in Tuberculosis.- 9. Discussion.- References.- 12. Role of B Lymphocytes and Antibodies in the Regulation ofCell-Mediated ImmuneReactions to BCG in Mice.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Immunoregulatory Role of B Lymphocytes and/or Antibodies in Nonmycobacterial Model Systems.- 3. Regulation of Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity to BCG in Mice.- 4. Regulation of the Granulomatous Response to BCG in Mice.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- 13. Polyclonal Lymphocyte Activation by M. tuberculosis and Its Products.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Tuberculin: A Polyclonal B-Cell Activator.- 3. Mycobacterium bovis.- 4. Muramyl Dipeptides.- 5. Various Mycobacterial Components.- 6. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 14. Mechanisms of Toxicity of TubercleBacilli for Macrophages.- 1. Historical Background.- 2. Evidence that Virulent Mycobacteria Are Toxic for Macrophages.- 3. Evidence that Virulent Tubercle Bacilli Can Interfere with Lysosome-Phagosome Fusion.- 4. Disruption of the Phagosomal Membrane by the Virulent H37Rv Strain of M. tuberculosis.- 5. Resistance of BCG-Immune AM to Phagosome Destruction by the H37Rv Strain.- 6. Effect of Isonicotinic Acid Hydrazide (INH) on the Phagosome Destruction Potential of the H37Rv Strain.- 7. Attempts to Demonstrate Phagosome Destruction Utilizing Latex Beads Coated with Trehalose Dimycolate and Sulfolipids.- 8. Evaluation of Putative Virulence Factors of Mycobacteria Expressed in Normal Alveolar Macrophages.- 9. Summation and Perspectives.- References.- 15. Mycobacterium-Induced Suppressor Cells and Their ClinicalImportance.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Experimental Induction of Suppressor Cells.- 3. Clinical Observations.- References.- 16. The Protective Effects of BCG Vaccination againstTuberculosis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Key Events in the Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis.- 3. Effect of BCG on Tuberculosis in Humans.- 4. Effect of BCG on Tuberculosis in Animal Models.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 17. Changing Faces of Clinical Tuberculosis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Epidemiology of Disease.- 3. Incidence and Morbidity.- 4. Tuberculosis in Children ..- 5. Tuberculosis in Old Age.- 6. Tuberculosis in Immunocompromised Hosts.- 7. Tuberculosis in Homeless and Alcoholics.- 8. Tuberculosis in Health Care Workers.- 9. Tuberculosis among Immigrants.- 10. Clinical Presentation.- 11. Tuberculosis Therapy.- 12. Adverse Drug Reactions.- 13. Preve…