Virology

Viruses interact with all forms of life and have shaped evolution for 4
billion years. The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the importance of
conducting scientific research into viruses to understand the interactions
between them and their hosts.

Virology is made up of eight chapters, all of which have been written by
outstanding female virologists, emphasizing women s fundamental role
in all aspects of science. It summarizes our current knowledge about the
biology of viruses in general and analyzes the specific features of several
ones of medical, veterinary and agricultural importance. Genome
replication strategies of different virus families are covered, as well as
strategies for survival within their hosts by counteraction of the cellular
innate antiviral responses. Attention is also given to viral strategies for
efficient dissemination in nature, as well as the evolution of a select
group of viruses.

Auteur

Maria Carla Saleh is Full Professor at Institut Pasteur, where she directs the Viruses and RNAi unit within the department of Virology. She studies the antiviral response in insects and develops new vector control strategies to eliminate mosquito-borne diseases. During her postdoctoral training at the University of California, San Francisco, USA, she discovered that RNA interference was the antiviral immune system of insects. Felix Augusto Rey directs the Structural Virology unit of Institut Pasteur, France, where he studies the entry mechanisms of lipid-enveloped viruses into cells by using structural approaches. Previously, he has been junior group leader at the CNRS and was chair of Institut Pasteur?s Virology department between 2004 and 2012. During his post-doctoral training at Harvard University, USA, he determined the first structure of a flavivirus envelope protein.

Texte du rabat
Viruses interact with all forms of life and have shaped evolution for 4billion years. The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the importance ofconducting scientific research into viruses to understand the interactionsbetween them and their hosts.

Virology is made up of eight chapters, all of which have been written byoutstanding female virologists, emphasizing women s fundamental rolein all aspects of science. It summarizes our current knowledge about thebiology of viruses in general and analyzes the specific features of severalones of medical, veterinary and agricultural importance. Genomereplication strategies of different virus families are covered, as well asstrategies for survival within their hosts by counteraction of the cellularinnate antiviral responses. Attention is also given to viral strategies forefficient dissemination in nature, as well as the evolution of a selectgroup of viruses.

Résumé
Viruses interact with all forms of life and have shaped evolution for 4 billion years. The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the importance of conducting scientific research into viruses to understand the interactions between them and their hosts. Virology is made up of eight chapters, all of which have been written by outstanding female virologists, emphasizing women's fundamental role in all aspects of science. It summarizes our current knowledge about the biology of viruses in general and analyzes the specific features of several ones of medical, veterinary and agricultural importance. Genome replication strategies of different virus families are covered, as well as strategies for survival within their hosts by counteraction of the cellular innate antiviral responses. Attention is also given to viral strategies for efficient dissemination in nature, as well as the evolution of a select group of viruses.

Contenu
Introduction xi
María-Carla SALEH and Félix AUGUSTO REY

**Chapter 1 DNA Viruses 1
**Lindsey M COSTANTINI and Blossom DAMANIA

1.1 Introduction to DNA viruses 1

1.1.1 What are the most abundant DNA viruses? 2

1.1.2 Human DNA viruses 4

1.2 Taxonomy and structure 6

1.2.1 Small DNA tumor virus, e.g human papillomavirus 7

1.2.2 Large DNA tumor virus, e.g Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus 7

1.3 Genomes 8

1.3.1 HPV, a small DNA tumor virus genome 9

1.3.2 KSHV, a large DNA tumor virus genome 10

1.4 Gene expression and regulation 10

1.4.1 Small DNA tumor virus gene expression, the HPV example 12

1.4.2 Large DNA tumor virus gene expression, the KSHV example 13

1.4.3 DNA virus inhibition of cellular gene expression 14

1.5 Infectious cycle 15

1.5.1 Small DNA tumor virus life cycle, the HPV example 16

1.5.2 Large DNA tumor virus life cycle, the KSHV example 18

1.6 Viral-induced cellular survival 20

1.6.1 Small DNA tumor virus enhancement of cell survival, e.g HPV 21

1.6.2 Large DNA tumor virus enhancement of cell survival, e.g KSHV 21

1.7 Disease prevalence and prevention 22

1.7.1 HPV, a small tumor DNA virus and disease associations 22

1.7.2 KSHV, a large DNA tumor virus and disease associations 24

1.8 Conclusion 25

1.9 References 26

**Chapter 2 Double-stranded RNA Viruses 33
**Michelle M. ARNOLD, Albie VAN DIJK and Susana LÓPE

2.1 Introduction 33

2.2 Rotaviruses 37

2.2.1 Virion structure 37

2.2.2 Genome 38

2.2.3 Virus entry 39

2.2.4 Transcription, replication and genome segment sorting 40

2.2.5 Host cell interactions: protein synthesis 41

2.2.6 Innate immune evasion 42

2.3 Reoviruses 43

2.3.1 The use of reovirus as an anti-cancer agent 43

2.3.2 Virion structure 43

2.3.3 Genome 44

2.3.4 Virus entry 44

2.3.5 Transcription and protein synthesis 45

2.3.6 RNA packaging and virion assembly 46

2.3.7 Innate immune evasion 48

2.4 Orbiviruses 49

2.4.1 Virion structure 51

2.4.2 Genome 51

2.4.3 Replication cycle 51

2.4.4 Virus entry 52

2.4.5 Transcription, (+)ssRNA selection and packaging, replication 52

2.4.6 Innate immune evasion 54

2.5 Concluding remarks and future challenges to understand dsRNA virus biology 55

2.6 References 56

**Chapter 3 Negative-strand RNA Viruses 69
**Rachel FEARNS

3.1 Introduction 69

3.2 Replication cycles of negative-strand RNA viruses 70

3.2.1 The order Mononegavirales 70

3.2.2 The order Bunyavirales 73

3.2.3 The order Articulavirales 77

3.2.4 The genus Deltavirus 78

3.2.5 Summary of viral replication cycles 80

3.3 The transcription and replication machinery of the negative-strand RNA viruses 80

3.3.1 Overview of the different negative-strand RNA virus polymerases 80

3.3.2 Orthomyxovirus polymerases and their transcription and replication mechanisms 81

3.3.3 The bunyavirus polymerase 85

3.3.4 The mononegavirus polymerases and their transcription and replication mechanisms 86

3.3.5 Concluding remarks 90

3.4 References 91

**Chapter 4 Viral Epitranscriptomics 105
**Rachel NETZBAND and Cara T PAGER

4.1 Introduction 105

4.1.1 What are epitranscriptomic marks? 105

4.1.2 How are epitranscriptomic marks installed? 106

4.2 The tools of RNA modification discovery 106

4.2.1 Chromatography and mass spectrometry 107

4.2.2 Sequencing methods for PTM detection 109

4.3 RNA modifications deposited by viral enzymes 113

4.3.1 Capping of 5' end of viral RNA by viral methyltransferases 113 &l...