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The Physics of Microdroplets gives the reader the theoretical and numerical tools to understand, explain, calculate, and predict the often nonintuitive observed behavior of droplets in microsystems.
Microdrops and interfaces are now a common feature in most fluidic microsystems, from biology, to biotechnology, materials science, 3D-microelectronics, optofluidics, and mechatronics. On the other hand, the behavior of droplets and interfaces in today's microsystems is complicated and involves complex 3D geometrical considerations. From a numerical standpoint, the treatment of interfaces separating different immiscible phases is difficult.
After a chapter dedicated to the general theory of wetting, this practical book successively details:
The theory of 3D liquid interfaces
The formulas for volume and surface of sessile and pancake droplets
The behavior of sessile droplets
The behavior of droplets between tapered plates and in wedges
The behavior of droplets in microchannels
The effect of capillarity with the analysis of capillary rise
The onset of spontaneous capillary flow in open microfluidic systems
The interaction between droplets, like engulfment
The theory and application of electrowetting
The state of the art for the approach of 3D-microelectronics using capillary alignment
Auteur
Jean Berthier is a Scientist at the CEA/LETI and teaches at the
University of Grenoble, France. He is presently involved in the
development of microdevices for liquid-liquid extraction (LLE),
flow focusing devices (FFD) for bio-encapsulation of live cells,
microfluidic resonators for high sensitivity biodetection and
numerical methods for the prediction of droplets and interfaces
behavior in microsystems. He is the first author of the book
Microfluidics for Biotechnology published in 2005 with a second
edition in 2010. He is also the author of the book Microdrops and
Digital Microfluidics, published in 2008.
Kenneth A. Brakke is Professor of Mathematics and Computer
Science at Susquehanna University in Pennsylvania. He received his
PhD in mathematics from Princeton University in the field of
geometric measure theory. Since 1988, he has written and maintained
his freely available Surface Evolver software, which shows computer
models of liquid surfaces.
Résumé
The Physics of Microdroplets gives the reader the theoretical and numerical tools to understand, explain, calculate, and predict the often nonintuitive observed behavior of droplets in microsystems.
Microdrops and interfaces are now a common feature in most fluidic microsystems, from biology, to biotechnology, materials science, 3D-microelectronics, optofluidics, and mechatronics. On the other hand, the behavior of droplets and interfaces in today's microsystems is complicated and involves complex 3D geometrical considerations. From a numerical standpoint, the treatment of interfaces separating different immiscible phases is difficult.
After a chapter dedicated to the general theory of wetting, this practical book successively details:
The theory and application of electrowetting
The state of the art for the approach of 3D-microelectronics using capillary alignment
Contenu
Preface xviii
Acknowledgements xxi
Introduction 1
1.1 Abstract 5
1.2 Interfaces and Surface Tension 5
1.3 Laplace's Law and Applications 12
1.4 Measuring the Surface Tension of Liquids 49
1.5 Minimization of the Surface Energy 61
1.6 References 62
2.1 Abstract 67
2.2 Spherical Shapes as Energy Minimizers 68
2.3 Symmetrization and the Rouloids 73
2.4 Increasing Pressure and Stability 77
2.5 The Double-Bubble Instability 81
2.6 Conclusion 84
2.7 References 84
3.1 Abstract 85
3.2 The Shape of Micro-drops 86
3.3 Electric Bonds Number 87
3.4 Shape, Surface Area and Volume of Sessile Droplets 87
3.5 Conclusion 105
3.6 References 105
4.1 Abstract 107
4.2 Droplet Self-motion Under the Effect of a Contrast orGradient of Wettability 107
4.3 Contact Angle Hysteresis 114
4.4 Pinning and Canthotaris 117
4.5 Sessile Droplet on a Non-ideally Planar Surface 124
4.6 Droplet on Textured or Patterned Substrates 125
4.7 References 142
5.1 Abstract 145
5.2 Droplet Self-motion Between Two Non-parallel Planes 145
5.3 Droplet in a Corner 154
5.4 Conclusion 160
5.5 References 161
6.1 Abstract 163
6.2 Droplets in Micro-wells 163
6.3 Droplets in Microchannels 168
6.4 Conclusion 180
6.5 References 181
7.1 Abstract 185
7.2 Capillary Rise 185
7.3 Capillary Pumping 198
7.4 Capillary Valves 205
7.5 Conclusions 209
7.6 References 210
8.1 Abstract 213
8.2 Droplet Pierced by a Wire 214
8.3 Liquid Spreading Between Solid Structures -Spontaneous Capillary Flow 218
8.4 Liquid Wetting Fibers 241
8.5 Conclusions 250
8.6 References 250
8.7 Appendix: Calculation of the Laplace Pressure for a Dropleton a Horizontal Cylindrical Wire 251
9.1 Abstract 253
9.2 Neumann's Construction for liquid Droplets 253
9.3 The Difference Between Liquid Droplets and Rigid Spheres atan Interface 254
9.4 Liquid Droplet Deposited at a Liquid Surface 256
9.5 Immiscible Droplets in Contact and Engulfment 261
9.6 Non-deformable (Rigid) Sphere at an Interface 265
9.7 Droplet Evaporation and Capillary Assembly 278
9.8 Conclusion 291
9.9 References 292
10.1 Introduction 295
10.2 Electrowetting and EWOD 295
10.3 Droplet Manipulation with EWOD 306
10.4 Examples of EWOD in Biotechnology - Cell Manipulation335
10.5 Examples of Electrowetting for Optics-Tunable Lenses andElectro fluidic Display 337
10.6 Conclusion 338
10.7 References 339
11.1 Abstract 343
11.2 Ideal Case: Total Pinning on the Chip and Pad Edges 344
11.3 Real Case: Spreading and Wetting 355
11.4 The Importance of Pinning and Confinement 358
11.5 Conclusion 359
11.6 Appendix A: Shift Energy and Restoring Force 360
11.7 Appendix B: Twist Energy and Restoring Torque 362
11.8 Appendix C: Lift Energy and Restoring Force 364
11.9 References 365
Index 369