Industrial Organic Chemicals

An essential introduction to the organic chemicals
industry--in the context of globalization, advances in
technology, and environmental concerns

Providing 95 percent of the 500 billion pounds of organic
chemicals produced in the world, the petroleum and natural gas
industries are responsible for products that ensure our present
quality of life. Products as diverse as gasoline, plastics,
detergents, fibers, pesticides, tires, lipstick, shampoo, and
sunscreens are based on seven raw materials derived from petroleum
and natural gas. In an updated and expanded Third Edition,
Industrial Organic Chemicals examines why each of these
chemical building blocks--ethylene, propylene, C4 olefins
(butenes and butadiene), benzene toluene, the xylenes, and
methane--is preferred over another in the context of an
environmental issue or manufacturing process, as well as their
individual chemistry, derivatives, method of manufacture, uses, and
economic significance.

The new edition details the seismic shifts in the world's
chemistry industry away from the United States, Western Europe and
Japan, transforming the Middle East and Asia-Pacific region,
especially China, into major players. The book also details:

• The impact of globalization on the patterns of worldwide
  transportation of chemicals, including methods of shipping
  chemicals

• The technological advances in the area of polymerization and
  catalysis, including catalyst design and single-site catalysts

• Chemicals for electronics, with much new material on conducting
  polymers, photovoltaic cells, and related materials

• The discovery of vast reserves of shale gas and shale oil,
  altering long-term predictions of resource depletion in the United
  States and other countries

• Commercial and market aspects of the chemical industry, with
  coverage of emerging new companies such as INEOS, Formosa Plastics,
  LyondellBasell, and SABIC

With expanded coverage on the vital role of green chemistry,
renewables, chemicals and fuels on issues of sustainability and
climate change, Industrial Organic Chemicals offers an
unparalleled examination of what is at the heart of this
multi-billion dollar industry, how globalization has transformed
it, and its ever growing role in preserving the Earth and its
resources.

Auteur

HAROLD A. WITTCOFF has taught industrial organic
chemistry at the University of Minnesota, while serving as Vice
President of Corporate Research for General Mills Inc. As
scientific adviser to Nexant ChemSystems, he has presented 300
courses in industrial chemistry in twenty-eight countries.

The late BRYAN G. REUBEN was Professor Emeritus of
Chemical Technology at London South Bank University, and was the
author or coauthor of 130 publications and a single patent.

JEFFREY S. PLOTKIN is Vice President, Chemicals and
Technology, at Nexant ChemSystems and is the author or coauthor of
twenty-five technical publications and thirty patents.

Résumé

An essential introduction to the organic chemicals industryin the context of globalization, advances in technology, and environmental concerns

Providing 95 percent of the 500 billion pounds of organic chemicals produced in the world, the petroleum and natural gas industries are responsible for products that ensure our present quality of life. Products as diverse as gasoline, plastics, detergents, fibers, pesticides, tires, lipstick, shampoo, and sunscreens are based on seven raw materials derived from petroleum and natural gas. In an updated and expanded Third Edition, Industrial Organic Chemicals examines why each of these chemical building blocksethylene, propylene, C4 olefins (butenes and butadiene), benzene toluene, the xylenes, and methaneis preferred over another in the context of an environmental issue or manufacturing process, as well as their individual chemistry, derivatives, method of manufacture, uses, and economic significance.

The new edition details the seismic shifts in the world's chemistry industry away from the United States, Western Europe and Japan, transforming the Middle East and Asia-Pacific region, especially China, into major players. The book also details:

• The impact of globalization on the patterns of worldwide transportation of chemicals, including methods of shipping chemicals
• The technological advances in the area of polymerization and catalysis, including catalyst design and single-site catalysts
• Chemicals for electronics, with much new material on conducting polymers, photovoltaic cells, and related materials
• The discovery of vast reserves of shale gas and shale oil, altering long-term predictions of resource depletion in the United States and other countries
• Commercial and market aspects of the chemical industry, with coverage of emerging new companies such as INEOS, Formosa Plastics, LyondellBasell, and SABIC
  With expanded coverage on the vital role of green chemistry, renewables, chemicals and fuels on issues of sustainability and climate change, Industrial Organic Chemicals offers an unparalleled examination of what is at the heart of this multi-billion dollar industry, how globalization has transformed it, and its ever growing role in preserving the Earth and its resources.

Contenu

Preface xxiii

Preface to the First Edition xxv

Preface to the Second Edition xxvii

Acknowledgments xxix

Bryan Godel Reuben 19342012 xxxi

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xxxiii

Introduction: How to Use Industrial Organic Chemicals, Third Edition 1

I.1 Why This Book Was Written and How It Is Structured 2

I.2 North American Industry Classification System 5

I.3 Units and Nomenclature 5

I.4 General Bibliography 6

1. The Evolution of the Organic Chemicals Industry 13

1.1 The National Economy 13

1.2 Size of the Chemical Industry 16

1.3 Characteristics of the Chemical Industry 22

1.4 The Top Companies 43

1.5 The Top Chemicals 44

2. Globalization of the Chemical Industry 49

2.1 Overcapacity 51

2.3 Participation in International Trade 63

2.4 Competition from Developing Countries 66

3. Transporting Chemicals 71

3.1 Shipping Petroleum 71

3.2 Shipping Gas 74

3.3 Shipping Chemicals 75

3.4 Health and Safety 86

3.5 Economic Aspects 87

3.6 Trade in Specific Chemicals 88

3.7 Top Shipping Companies 90

4. Chemicals from Natural Gas and Petroleum 93

4.1 Petroleum Distillation 97

4.2 Shale Gas 100

4.3 Naphtha Versus Gaseous Feedstocks 102

4.4 Heavier Oil Fractions 103

4.5 Steam Cracking and Petroleum Refining Reactions 104

4.6 Catalytic Cracking 114

4.7 Mechanisms of Steam and Catalytic Cracking 117

4.8 Catalytic Reforming 119

4.9 Oligomerization 122

4.10 Alkylation 124

4.11 Hydrotreating and Coking 125

4.12 Dehydrogenation 126

4.13 Isomerization 128

4.14 Metathesis 128

4.15 Function of the Refinery and the Potential Petroleum Shortage 133

4.16 Separation of Natural Gas 136

4.17 Oil from Tar Sands 137

5. Chemicals and Polymers from Ethylene 139

5.1 Ethylene Polymers 141

5.2 Ethylene Copolymers 151

5.3 Oligomerization 154

5.4 Vinyl Chloride 160

5.5 Acetaldehyde 165

5.6 Vinyl Acetate 167

5.7 Ethylene Oxide 169

5.8 Styrene 177

5.9 Ethanol 181

5.10 Major Chemicals from Ethylene A Summary 182

5.11 Lesser Volume Chemicals from Ethylene 185

6. Chemicals and Polymers from Propylene 211

6.1 On-Purpose Propylene Production Technologies and Propane Dehydrogenation 214

6.2 Main Polymers and Chemicals from Propylene 217

6.3 Oligomerization 221

6.4 Acrylic Acid 222

6.5 Acrylonitrile 227

6.6 Cumene/Phenol and Cumene Hydroperoxide 231

6.7 Acetone and Isopropanol 233

6.8 Propylene Oxide 242

6.9 n-Butyraldehyde and Isobutyraldeh…