Programming

An Introduction to Programming by the Inventor of C++

Preparation for Programming in the Real World

The book assumes that you aim eventually to write non-trivial programs, whether for work in software development or in some other technical field.

Focus on Fundamental Concepts and Techniques

The book explains fundamental concepts and techniques in greater depth than traditional introductions. This approach will give you a solid foundation for writing useful, correct, maintainable, and efficient code.

Programming with Today's C++ (C++11 and C++14)

The book is an introduction to programming in general, including object-oriented programming and generic programming. It is also a solid introduction to the C++ programming language, one of the most widely used languages for real-world software. The book presents modern C++ programming techniques from the start,

introducing the C++ standard library and C++11 and C++14 features to simplify programming tasks.

For Beginners-And Anyone Who Wants to Learn Something New

The book is primarily designed for people who have never programmed before, and it has been tested with many thousands of first-year university students. It has also been extensively used for self-study. Also, practitioners and advanced students have gained new insight and guidance by seeing how a master approaches the elements of his art.

Provides a Broad View

The first half of the book covers a wide range of essential concepts, design and programming techniques, language features, and libraries. Those will enable you to write programs involving input, output, computation, and simple graphics. The second half explores more specialized topics (such as text processing, testing, and the C programming language) and provides abundant reference material. Source code and support supplements are available from the author's website.

Auteur

Bjarne Stroustrup is the designer and original implementer of C++ and the author of Programming: Principles and Practice Using C++, 2nd Edition and The C++ Programming Language, among others. Having previously worked at Bell Labs, AT&T Labs - Research, and Texas A&M University, he is currently Managing Director in the technology division of Morgan Stanley in New York City. The recipient of numerous honors, including The National Academy of Engineering 2018 Charles Stark Draper Prize for Engineering "for conceptualizing and developing the C++ programming language, Dr. Stroustrup is a member of the National Academy of Engineering, an AT&T Fellow, an AT&T Bell Laboratories Fellow, an IEEE Fellow, and an ACM Fellow. He was voted into Electronic Design's Engineering Hall of Fame in 2013. His research interests include distributed systems, simulation, design, programming techniques, software development tools, and programming languages, and he remains actively involved in the ANSI/ISO standardization of C++. Dr. Stroustrup holds an advanced degree from the University of Aarhus in his native Denmark and a Ph.D. in Computer Science from Cambridge University, England

Contenu

Preface xxv

Chapter 0: Notes to the Reader 1

0.1 The structure of this book 2

0.2 A philosophy of teaching and learning 6

0.3 Programming and computer science 12

0.4 Creativity and problem solving 12

0.5 Request for feedback 12

0.6 References 13

0.7 Biographies 13

Chapter 1: Computers, People, and Programming 17

1.1 Introduction 18

1.2 Software 19

1.3 People 21

1.4 Computer science 24

1.5 Computers are everywhere 25

1.6 Ideals for programmers 34

Part I: The Basics 41

Chapter 2: Hello, World! 43

2.1 Programs 44

2.2 The classic first program 45

2.3 Compilation 47

2.4 Linking 51

2.5 Programming environments 52

Chapter 3: Objects, Types, and Values 59

3.1 Input 60

3.2 Variables 62

3.3 Input and type 64

3.4 Operations and operators 66

3.5 Assignment and initialization 69

3.6 Composite assignment operators 73

3.7 Names 74

3.8 Types and objects 77

3.9 Type safety 78

Chapter 4: Computation 89

4.1 Computation 90

4.2 Objectives and tools 92

4.3 Expressions 94

4.4 Statements 100

4.4.1 Selection 102

4.4.2 Iteration 109

4.5 Functions 113

4.6 vector 117

4.7 Language features 125

Chapter 5: Errors 133

5.1 Introduction 134

5.2 Sources of errors 136

5.3 Compile-time errors 136

5.4 Link-time errors 139

5.5 Run-time errors 140

5.6 Exceptions 146

5.7 Logic errors 154

5.8 Estimation 157

5.9 Debugging 158

5.10 Pre- and post-conditions 163

5.11 Testing 166

Chapter 6: Writing a Program 173

6.1 A problem 174

6.2 Thinking about the problem 175

6.3 Back to the calculator! 178

6.4 Grammars 188

6.5 Turning a grammar into code 195

6.6 Trying the first version 203

6.7 Trying the second version 208

6.8 Token streams 209

6.9 Program structure 215

Chapter 7: Completing a Program 221

7.1 Introduction 222

7.2 Input and output 222

7.3 Error handling 224

7.4 Negative numbers 229

7.5 Remainder: % 230

7.6 Cleaning up the code 232

7.7 Recovering from errors 239

7.8 Variables 242

Chapter 8: Technicalities: Functions, etc. 255

8.1 Technicalities 256

8.2 Declarations and definitions 257

8.3 Header files 264

8.4 Scope 266

8.5 Function call and return 272

8.6 Order of evaluation 291

8.7 Namespaces 294

Chapter 9: Technicalities: Classes, etc. 303

9.1 User-defined types 304

9.2 Classes and members 305

9.3 Interface and implementation 306

9.4 Evolving a class 308

9.5 Enumerations 318

9.6 Operator overloading 321

9.7 Class interfaces 323

9.8 The Date class 334

Part II Input and Output 343

Chapter 10: Input and Output Streams 345

10.1 Input and output 346

10.2 The I/O stream model 347

10.3 Files 349

10.4 Opening a file 350

10.5 Reading and writing a file 352

10.6 I/O error handling 354

10.7 Reading a single value 358

10.8 User-defined output operators 363

10.9 User-defined input operators 365

10.10 A standard input loop 365

10.11 Reading a structured file 367

Chapter 11: Customizing Input and Output 379

11.1 Regularity and irregularity 380

11.2 Output formatting 380

11.3 File opening and positioning 388

11.4 String streams 394

11.5 Line-oriented input 395

11.6 Character classification 396

11.7 Using nonstandard separators 398

11.8 And there is so much more 406

Chapter 12: A Display Model 411

12.1 Why graphics? 412

12.2 A display model 413

12.3 A first example 414

12.4 Using a GUI library 418

12.5 Coordinates 419

12.6 Shapes 420

12.7 Using Shape primitives 421

12.8 Getting this to run 435

Chapter 13: Graphics Classes 441

13.1 Overview of graphics classes 442

13.2 Point and Line 444

13.3 Lines 447

13.4 Color 450

13.5 Line_style 452

13.6 Open_polyline 455

13.7 Closed_polyline 456

13.8 Polygon 458

13.9 Rectangle 460

13.10 Managing unnamed objects 465

13.11 Text 467

13.12 Circle 470

13.13 Ellipse 472

13.14 Marked_polyline 474

13.15 Marks 476

13.16 Mark 478

13.17 Images 479

Chapter 14: Graphics Class Design 487

14.1 Design principles 488

14.2 Shape 493

14.3 Base and derived classes 504

14.4 Benefits of object-oriented programming 513

Chapter 15: Graphing Functions and Data 519

15.1 Introduction 520

15.2 Graphing simple functions 520

15.3 Function 524

15.4 Axis 529

15.5 Approximation 532

15.6 Graphing data 537

Chapter 16: Graphical User Interfaces 551

16.1 User interface alternatives 552

16.2 The "Next" button 553

16.3 A simple window 554

16.4 Button and other Widgets 561

16.5 An example 565

16.6 Control inversion 569

16.7 Adding a menu 570

16.8 Debugging GUI code 575

Part III: Data and Algorithms 581

Chapter 17: Vector and Free Store 583

17.1 Introduction 584

17.2 ve…