Biology of Aging

This volume gives the reader a comprehensive overview of the fundamental and biological aspects of aging. First, the field is described from a historical perspective. Then, the author analyzes the three fundamental mechanisms of survival: energy utilization, molecular and cellular redundancy, and the organization of information. The genetics of aging is reviewed rejecting some simple-minded interpretations. A bridge is established between the molecular, cellular, and tissue modifications that have been reported in the literature, and the clinical manifestations of the aging syndrome. Special relevance is given to the problem of the supposed association between cancers and aging, giving a new interpretation of that relationship.

Texte du rabat

The survival of the human species has improved significantly in modern times. During the last century, the mean survival of human populations in developed countries has increased more than during the preceding 5000 years. This improvement in survival was accompanied by an increase in the number of active years. In other words, the increase in mean life span was accompanied by an increase in health span. This is now accentuated by progress in medicine reducing the impact of physiologic events such as menopause and of patho­ logical processes such as atherosclerosis. Up to now,research on aging, whether theoretical or experimental, has not contributed to improvement in human survival. Actually, there is a striking contrast between these significant modifications in survival and the present knowledge of the mechanisms of human aging. Revealed by this state of affairs are the profound disagreements between gerontologists in regard to the way oflooking at the aging process. The definition of aging itself is difficult to begin with because of the variability of how it occurs in different organisms.

Contenu

Historical and Current Concepts of the Mechanisms of Aging.- 1.1 Rate of Living.- 1.2 Endocrine Theory.- 1.3 Weismann's Theory.- 1.4 The Immune Theory.- 1.5 Cross-Linking.- 1.6 Free Radicals.- 1.7 Aging and Evolution.- Basic Determinants of Longevity.- 2.1 Energy Intake and Expenditure.- 2.2 The Storage and Flow of Information.- 2.3 Redundancy.- 2.3.1 Cellular Redundancy.- 2.3.2 Molecular Redundancy.- 2.4 Genetics of Aging.- 2.4.1 Species Longevity.- 2.4.2 The Preordained Ontogeny of the Organism.- 2.4.3 Parental Longevity.- 2.4.4 Longevity of Twins.- 2.4.5 Sex and Longevity.- 2.4.6 Syndromes of "Premature Aging".- 2.4.7 Hybrid Vigor (Heterosis).- 2.4.8 The Search for Longevity Genes.- 2.4.8.1 Lower Organisms Along the Evolutionary Scale.- 2.4.8.2 Higher Organisms Along the Evolutionary Scale.- Aging of the Mammalian Organism.- 3.1 Cellular Aging.- 3.1.1 Germ Line Cells.- 3.1.2 Stem Cells.- 3.1.3 Mitotic Cells.- 3.1.3.1 Kinetics of the Decline of Proliferation of Cell Compartments.- 3.1.3.2 Mechanisms of the Decline of the Proliferative Potential.- 3.1.3.3 Relevance of the Findings in Vitro for Aging of the Organism.- 3.1.4 Postmitotic and Slowly Renewable Cells.- 3.2 Connective Tissue.- 3.3 The Structural Reorganization of the Mammalian Organism.- Neoplastic Growth Through the Human Life Span.- 4.1 The Clinical Age - Incidence of Neoplastic Disease.- 4.2 The Heterogeneity of Neoplastic Growth.- 4.3 Initiation of Neoplastic Growth at the Cellular Level.- 4.4 Progression of Neoplastic Disease.- 4.5 Age-Dependent Sensitivity to Carcinogens.- 4.6 Deviations from Normal Development and Neoplastic Growth.- The Centenarians.- References.