Ultrafiltration Membranes and Applications

This book is a record of a symposium, "Ultrafiltration Membranes and Applications," which was held at the l78th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society in Washington, D.C., September 11-13, 1979. In organlzlng these sessions, I hoped to provide a comprehensive survey of the current state of ultrafiltration theory, the most recent advances in membrane technology, and a thorough treatment of existing applications and future directions for ultrafiltration. For me, the symposium was an outstanding success. It was a truly international forum with stimulating presentations and an enthusiastic audience. I hope that some of this spirit has spilled over into this volume, which is intended to reach a much wider audience. I am indebted to the Division of Colloid and Surface Chemistry of the American Chemical Society for their sponsorship. ANTHONY R. COOPER Palo Alto, California }larch, 1980 vii CONTENTS PART I. FUNDMfENTALS Fifteen Years of Ultrafiltration: Problems and Future Promises of an Adolescent Technology . . 1 Alan S. Michaels Production, Specification, and Some Transport Characteristics of Cellulose Acetate Ultrafil tration Membranes for Aqueous Feed Solutions 21 S. Sourirajan, Takeshi Matsuura Fu-Hung Hsieh and Gary R. Gildert Chemical and Morphological Effects of Solute Diffusion Through Block Copolymer Membranes 45 Yatin B. Thakore, Dien-Feng Shieh and Donald J. Lyman Practical Aspects in the Development of a Polymer Matrix for Ultrafiltration. 57 Israel Cabasso Permeability Parameters of a Novel Polyamide Membrane. . . . . . . .

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This book is a record of a symposium, "Ultrafiltration Membranes and Applications," which was held at the l78th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society in Washington, D.C., September 11-13, 1979. In organlzlng these sessions, I hoped to provide a comprehensive survey of the current state of ultrafiltration theory, the most recent advances in membrane technology, and a thorough treatment of existing applications and future directions for ultrafiltration. For me, the symposium was an outstanding success. It was a truly international forum with stimulating presentations and an enthusiastic audience. I hope that some of this spirit has spilled over into this volume, which is intended to reach a much wider audience. I am indebted to the Division of Colloid and Surface Chemistry of the American Chemical Society for their sponsorship. ANTHONY R. COOPER Palo Alto, California }larch, 1980 vii CONTENTS PART I. FUNDMfENTALS Fifteen Years of Ultrafiltration: Problems and Future Promises of an Adolescent Technology . . 1 Alan S. Michaels Production, Specification, and Some Transport Characteristics of Cellulose Acetate Ultrafil­ tration Membranes for Aqueous Feed Solutions 21 S. Sourirajan, Takeshi Matsuura Fu-Hung Hsieh and Gary R. Gildert Chemical and Morphological Effects of Solute Diffusion Through Block Copolymer Membranes 45 Yatin B. Thakore, Dien-Feng Shieh and Donald J. Lyman Practical Aspects in the Development of a Polymer Matrix for Ultrafiltration. 57 Israel Cabasso Permeability Parameters of a Novel Polyamide Membrane. . . . . . . .

Contenu
I. Fundamentals.- Fifteen Years of Ultrafiltration: Problems and Future Promises of an Adolescent Technology.- Production, Specification, and Some Transport Characteristics of Cellulose Acetate Ultrafiltration Membranes for Aqueous Feed Solutions.- Chemical and Morphological Effects of Solute Diffusion Through Block Copolymer Membranes.- Practical Aspects in the Development of a Polymer Matrix for Ultrafiltration.- Permeability Parameters of a Novel Polyamide Membrane.- Formation of Poly(methyl methacrylate) Membranes Utilizing Stereocomplex Phenomenon.- Advances in Hollow Fiber Ultrafiltration Technology.- Transport Behavior of Asymmetric Polyamide Flat Sheet Membranes and Hollow-Fine Fibers in Dialysis-Osmosis and Hyperfiltration Experiments.- Separation of Macromolecules by Ultrafiltration: Influence of Protein Adsorption, Protein-Protein Interactions, and Concentration Polarization.- Ultrafiltration in an Unstirred Batch Cell.- II. Ultrafiltration Membrane Formation, Characterization and Concentration Polarization.- Morphology of Skinned Membranes: A Rationale from Phase Separation Phenomena.- Characterization Technique of Straight-Through Porous Membrane.- Flow Rates of Solutions Through Ultrafiltration Membranes Monitored by the Structure of Adsorbed Flexible Polymers.- Protein Ultrafiltration: Theory of Membrane Fouling and Its Treatment with Immobilized Proteases.- Boundary Layer Removal in Ultrafiltration.- Initial Time Stirred Protein Ultrafiltration Studies with Partially Permeable Membranes.- Electrophoretic Techniques for Controlling Concentration Polarization in Ultrafiltration.- Prediction of Permeate Fluxes in UF/RO Systems.- Demetallation of Chelating Polymers by Diafiltration in the Presence of a Permeable Complexing Agent.- III. Industrial Applications of Ultrafiltration.- Progress in the Industrial Realizations of Ultrafiltration Processes.- Recent Developments of Membrane Ultrafiltration in the Dairy Industry.- Ultrafiltration of Whole and Skim Milk.- Factors Affecting the Application of Ultrafiltration Membranes in the Dairy Food Industry.- Vegetable Protein Isolates and Concentrates by Ultrafiltration.- Negative Rejections of Cations in the Ultrafiltration of Gelatin and Salt Solutions.- The Application of Ultrafiltration to Fermentation Products.- Concentrating Fruit Juices by Reverse Osmosis.- Surfactant Micelle Enhanced Ultrafiltration.- IV. Industrial Applications of Ultrafiltration.- Thin-Channel Ultrafiltration, Theoretical and Experimental Approaches.- Automated Hollow Fiber Ultrafiltration: Pyrogen Removal and Phage Recovery from Water.- Depyrogenation of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin.- Ultrafiltration of Prothrombin Complex.- Pyrogen Removal by Ultrafiltration Applications in the Manufacture of Drugs and U.S.P. Purified Water.- High Flux Cellulosic Membranes and Fibers for Hemofiltration.- V. Biomedical Applications of Ultrafiltration.- Microporous Membrane Filtration for Continuous-Flow Plasmapheresis.- Determination of Graetz Solution Constants in the In-Vitro Hemofiltration of Albumin, Plasma, and Blood.- Ultrafiltration in Patients with Endstage Renal Disease.- Development of Novel Semipermeable Tubular Membranes for a Hybrid Artificial Pancreas.- Liver Tumor Cells Grown on Hollow Fiber Capillaries: A Prototype Liver Assist Device.- Application of Ultrafiltration Techniques to the Production of Human Plasma Protein Solutions for Clinical Use.- Ultrafiltration as an Alternative to Reprecipitation and Lyophilization in Cohn Fractionation.- Production of Protein Hydrolyzates inUltrafiltration-Enzyme Reactors.- VI. Ultrafiltration Applications in Environmental Problems.- Ultrafiltration The Membranes, the Process and Its Application to Organic Molecule Fractionation.- Use of Negatively-Charged Ultrafiltration Membranes.- Electrodialysis and Ultrafiltration as a Combined Process.- A Study of the Fouling Phenomenon During Ultrafiltration of Cottage Cheese Whey.- Ultrafiltration/Activated Sludge System Development of a Predictive Model.- Hyperfiltration for Recycle of 82°C Textile Water Wash.- Application of Acrylonitrile-Copolymer Membrane to Cationic Electro-Deposit Coating.- The Application of Novel Ultrafiltration Membranes to the Concentration of Proteins and Oil Emulsions.- Using Industrial Membrane Systems to Isolate Oilseed Protein Without an Effluent Waste Stream.- Concluding Remarks.- Contributors.