Resource-Oriented Agro-sanitation Systems

In developing countries, access to the adequate sanitation systems is still limited, and a new business model is required. This book demonstrates the benefits of resource-oriented agro-sanitation systems, including the concepts and technologies, and using selected case studies, e.g. from Burkina Faso and Indonesia, it illustrates the different applications of the system. It also discusses various aspects related to resource-oriented agro-sanitation system, including resource-recovery technologies for feces, urine and grey water, business models for installation, and agricultural issues related to uses of urine and compost. Promoting installation of sanitation systems, especially in developing countries, the book is intended for water and sanitation engineers, administrators, policy makers and regulators. It also provides multidisciplinary insights, making it a useful resource for students and researchers.

Provides a comprehensive description of sanitation systems, including business models and agricultural technologies

Includes case studies in Asia and Africa

Serves as an authoritative source of guidelines for installing sanitation systems

Contenu
List of contributors Preface

Part 1. Concepts and Business Model

Chapter 1 The concept of Resources Oriented Agro-Sanitation System and its Business Model

Abstract

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Nature of conventional sanitation concept and required new policy

1.2.1 Three sanitation generations

1.2.2 Limitation of the modern sanitation concept

1.2.3 Resource oriented sanitation

1.2.4 Basic policy of the postmodern sanitation 1.3 Sanitation business model: Case of rural area of Burkina Faso 1.3.1 Case field

1.3.2 Current value chain in and around rural household

1.3.3 Framework of sanitation business model for rural household in Burkina Faso

1.4 Discussions

1.4.1 Difference of benefit and beneficial actors

1.4.2 Advantage of the postmodern sanitation concept

1.4.3 Effective approach for the postmodern sanitation

1.4.4 Topics requires further accumulation of knowledge and knowhow

1.5 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 2 Technologies for Resources Oriented Agro-Sanitation System. Overview

Abstract

2.1 Introduction

2.2 The characteristic of feces, urine and grey water

2.2.1 Characteristics of human feces

2.2.2 Characteristics of human urine

2.2.3 Characteristics of grey water

2.3 The concept for building up the technical part in sanitation value chain

2.4 Models for Rural and urban area and technologies for these models

2.4.1 Rural model 2.4.2 Urban model 2.4.3 Technologies for feces

2.4.4 Technologies for urine

2.4.5 Technologies for gray water

2.4.6 Technologies for agricultural use of urine and reclaimed gray water

References

Part 2. Technologies for Feces: Composting Type Toilet

Chapter 3 Fate of Carbon in Composting Process

Abstract

3.1 Composting Toilet

3.2 Characteristics of feces

3.3 Biological activity in the composting reactor of the bio-toilet system 3.3.1 Respiration rate profiles 3.3.2 TS, VS, and COD reductions

3.4 Transformation of organic matter based on COD measurements

3.5 Transformation of organic matter in terms of mass units

References

Chapter 4 Fate of Nitrogen in Composting Process

Abstract

4.1. Introduction

4.2 Materials and Methods

4.2.1 Test Materials

4.2.2 Condition of the butch test

4.3 Summary of test results

4.3.1 Component of fecal nitrogen in human feces

4.3.2 Oxygen consumption in the composting process

4.3.3 Fate of fecal nitrogen in the composting process

4.4 Conclusion References

Chapter 5 Fate of pathogens in Composting Process

Abstract 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The effect on microorganisms in composting toilets using model pathogens

5.2.1 Moisture content, temperature and pH

5.2.2 The effect in actually operating composting toilets

5.2.3 Moisture content, temperature and pH 5.2.4 The fate of several species of coliphages 5.3 Appropriate operational condition from the viewpoint of QMRA

5.4 Appropriate microbial index for hygienic safety

5.5 New methods for estimating the mechanisms of microbe inactivation

5.6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 6 Fate of Pharmaceuticals in Composting Process

Abstract

6.1 Fate of Pharmaceuticals in Human Body

6.1.1 Absorption

6.1.2 Distribution 6.1.3 Metabolism 6.1.4 Excretion

6.2 Effect of Pharmaceuticals in Composting Process of Feces

6.2.1 Single Exposure Effect

6.2.2 Reactivation of Amoxicillin-Dosed Composting Reactor by Intermittent Feeding of Feces

6.2.3 Role of feces in the composting process

6.3 Degradation of antibiotics in composting process

6.3.1 Factors Affecting the Degradation of Antibiotics

6.3.2 Antimicrobial Activity of Degradation Product

6.4 Degradation of Other Pharmaceuticals in Composting Process

6.4.1 Effect of Feces Loading Ratio and Degradation Characteristics in Composting Process

6.4.2 Pharmaceuticals in Practically Operated Composting Toilet

References

Chapter 7 Fate of Water in Composting Toilet

Abstract

7.1. Introduction

7.2 Experiment

7.2.1 Lab scale test

7.2.2 Full scale test Condition of the butch test

7.3 Summary of test results

7.3.1 Drying rate of sawdust matrix in the lab-scale test

7.3.2 Drying rate of sawdust matrix in the full-scale test and comparison with data from lab-scale test 7.3.3 Effect of mixing frequency on drying rate of full-scale toilet 7.4 Conclusion

References

Chapter 8 Design of Composting Type Toilet

Abstract

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Considerations for the operation

8.3 Considerations for the design

8.3.1 Estimation of the drying surface of the composting reactor (A)

8.3.2 Estimation of the sawdust matrix volume (VT)

8.3.3 Dimensions of the composting reactor

References

Part 3. Technologies for Urine:

Chapter 9 Components of pure fresh human urine and their fate in storage process

Abstract

9.1 Introduction 9.2 Collection of urine and storage experiment 9.2.1 Collection and storage test of fresh urine

9.2.2 Pretreatment

9.2.3 Determination of amino acid and organic acid in urine

9.2.4 Molecular weight distribution of organic matter and determination of pharmaceuticals

9.2.5 Analysis of inorganic species and nitrogen compounds

9.2.6 Analysis of the Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) 9.3 Compounds in very fresh human urine 9.4 Fate of urine component during 90 days storage

9.4.1 Transformation of organic matter

9.4.2 Electrochemical character of urine

9.4.3 Fate of pharmaceuticals 9.4.4 Nitrogen transformation 9.4.5 Evolution of ion species for PO 4 3- precipitation

9.5 Summary

References

Chapter 10 Volume reduction of urine

Abstract

10.1 Introduction

10.2 The water transport model of the vertical gauze sheet

10.2.1 The Model for describing water in the vertical gauze sheet

10.2.2 Experimental set up and material

10.3 Experimental results: water evaporation rate and confirmation of the model

10.3.1 Estimation of the evaporation rate using synthetic urine

10.3.2 Estimation of the water supply rate using de-ionized water

10.3.3 Estimation of the evaporation rate using de-ionized water and mass transfer coefficient

10.3.4 Confirmation of the water transport model of the vertical sheet 10.4 Preliminary design procedure of the vertical sheet for OVRS 10.4.1 Design procedure

10.4.2 Estimation of size for a vertical sheet for OVRS adopted to dry climate conditions of Southern Pakistan

10.4.3 Other issues which may influence OVRS

10.5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 11 Recovery of Nitrogen and Phosphorus from urine

Abstract

…