Biochemistry of the Elemental Halogens and Inorganic Halides

The elements in group 17 (VIlA) of the periodic table of elements-fluorine (F), chlorine (CI), bromine (Br), and iodine (I)-were designated by Berzelius as "halogens" (Greek hals, sea salt; gennao, I beget) because of their propensity to form salts. In this first of the two volumes of Bio chemistry of the Halogens, the biochemistry of the elemental halogens and inorganic halides is reviewed. Discovery, properties, and biochemistry of the elemental halogens are reviewed first (Chapter 1). This is followed by a review of the developments in the various areas of inorganic halide biochemistry (Chapters 2 through 5). The biochemistry of thyroid hor mones is considered in Chapter 6, while biohalogenation, an important link between inorganic and organic halogen biochemistry, is reviewed in Chapter 7. Chapter 8 covers the biochemistry of products produced by human-inspired halogenation, in particular, poly halogenated compounds that present environmental problems. In Chapter 9, the process is reversed and biodehalogenation is reviewed. In each subject, the attempt has been made to find an appropriate balance between depth and breadth of treatment, since a thorough, in depth review of this field would not be possible in a single volume. To provide readers not familiar with subjects with the necessary background to place subsequent discussions in perspective, brief historical develop ments of many of the topics are given.

Contenu

1. The Halogens: Discovery, Occurrence, and Biochemistry of the Free Elements.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Fluorine.- 1.3 Chlorine.- 1.4 Bromine.- 1.5 Iodine.- 1.6 Summary.- 2. Biochemistry of Inorganic Fluoride.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Occurrence and Distribution of Inorganic Fluoride.- 2.3 Biological Uptake, Distribution, and Metabolism of Inorganic Fluoride.- 2.4 Overview of Effects of Fluoride on Enzyme Activity.- 2.5 Inhibition of 2-Phospho-D-Glycerate Hydrolase (Enolase).- 2.6 Inhibition of Inorganic Pyrophosphatase.- 2.7 Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterases and Butyrylcholinesterase.- 2.8 Inhibition of (Na+ + K+)-Dependent ATPase (ATP Phosphohydrolase) by FluorideInfluence of Aluminum.- 2.9 Stimulation of ATP Pyrophosphate-Lyase (Cyclizing) (Adenylate Cyclase).- 2.10 Stimulation of Photoreceptor Phosphodiesterase I by Fluoride.- 2.11 Stimulation of Polyphosphoinositide Phosphodiesterase by Fluoride.- 2.12 Additional Regulatory Proteins That Interact with Fluoride.- 2.13 Effects of Fluoride on Cellular Function.- 2.14 In Vivo Toxicity of Fluoride.- 2.15 Effects of Fluoride on Mineralized Tissue.- 2.16 Biochemistry of Inorganic FluorideSummary.- 3. Biochemistry of Inorganic Chloride.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Transport of Chloride Through Cell Membranes.- 3.3 Chloride Transport and Body Fluid Homeostasis.- 3.4 Chloride/Bicarbonate Cotransport in Erythrocyte Membrane.- 3.5 Chloride/Cation Cotransport and Cell Volume Control.- 3.6 Chloride and Transepithelial Transport.- 3.7 Epithelial Chloride Secretion and Cystic Fibrosis.- 3.8 Hydrochloric Acid Secretion in the Stomach.- 3.9 Glycine- and Gaba-Gated Chloride Channels.- 3.10 Stimulation and Inhibition of Enzymes by Chloride.- 3.11 Chloride and Neutrophil Function.- 3.12 Biochemistry of ChlorideSummary.- 4.Biochemistry of Inorganic Bromide.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Occurrence and Biodistribution of Bromide.- 4.3 Pharmacology and Toxicology of Bromide.- 4.4 Bromide and Anion Transport Mechanisms.- 4.5 Inhibition and Stimulation of Enzymes by Bromide.- 4.6 Bromide and Eosinophil Function.- 4.7 Biochemistry of BromideSummary.- 5. Biochemistry of Inorganic Iodide.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Occurrence, Uptake, and Biodistribution of Iodide.- 5.3 Iodide Transport into Thyroid and Other Iodide-Concentrating Tissues.- 5.4 Stimulation and Inhibition of Enzymes by Iodide.- 5.5 Biochemistry of Inorganic IodideSummary.- 6. Iodotyrosine, Iodothyronines, and Thyroid Function.- 6.1 Iodotyrosine as a Biological Tracer.- 6.2 Iodothyronines and Thyroid Function.- 7. Biohalogenation.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Naturally Occurring Halometabolites.- 7.3 Haloperoxidases.- 7.4 Biosynthesis of Halometabolites in Marine Organisms.- 7.5 Biological Fluorination.- 7.6 BiohalogenationSummary.- 8. Persistent Polyhalogenated Compounds: Biochemistry, Toxicology, Medical Applications and Associated Environmental Issues.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Biochemistry and Toxicology of Chlorinated Insecticides.- 8.3 Biochemistry and Toxicology of Halogenated Biphenyls, Terphenyls, Naphthalenes, Dibenzodioxins, and Related Compounds.- 8.4 Medical Applications of Halogenated Hydrocarbons.- 8.5 Summary.- 9. Metabolism of Halogenated CompoundsBiodehalogenation.- 9.1 BiodehalogenationIntroduction.- 9.2 Metabolism of Halogenated Alkanes.- 9.3 Metabolism of Halogenated Alkenes.- 9.4 GSH-Dependent Metabolism and Toxicity of Halogenated Alkenes.- 9.5 Metabolism of Halogenated Aromatic Compounds.- 9.6 Biodehalogenation Mediated by Microorganisms.- 9.7 Metabolism and BiodehalogenationSummary.