Python 3

Ready to master Python? Learn to write effective code, whether you're a beginner or a professional programmer. Review core Python concepts, including functions, modularization, and object orientation and walk through the available data types. Then dive into more advanced topics, such as using Django and working with GUIs. With plenty of code examples throughout, this hands-on reference guide has everything you need to become proficient in Python!

Highlights include:
1) Functions
2) Methods
3) Attributes
4) Data types
5) GUIs
6) Debugging
7) Network communication
8) Modularization
9) Object orientation
10) Iterators
11) Generators
12) Exception handling

Consult and download practical code examples

Contenu
1 ... Introduction ... 33

1.1 ... Why Did We Write This Book? ... 33

1.2 ... What Does This Book Provide? ... 34

1.3 ... Structure of the Book ... 34

1.4 ... How Should You Read This Book? ... 35

1.5 ... Sample Programs ... 36

1.6 ... Preface To the First English Edition (2022) ... 36

1.7 ... Acknowledgments ... 37

2 ... The Python Programming Language ... 39

2.1 ... History, Concepts, and Areas of Application ... 39

2.2 ... Installing Python ... 42

2.3 ... Installing Third-Party Modules ... 45

2.4 ... Using Python ... 45

PART I ... Getting Started with Python ... 47

3 ... Getting Started with the Interactive Mode ... 49

3.1 ... Integers ... 49

3.2 ... Floats ... 51

3.3 ... Character Strings ... 51

3.4 ... Lists ... 52

3.5 ... Dictionaries ... 53

3.6 ... Variables ... 54

3.7 ... Logical Expressions ... 55

3.8 ... Functions and Methods ... 57

3.9 ... Screen Outputs ... 59

3.10 ... Modules ... 60

4 ... The Path to the First Program ... 63

4.1 ... Typing, Compiling, and Testing ... 63

4.2 ... Basic Structure of a Python Program ... 66

4.3 ... The First Program ... 70

4.4 ... Comments ... 72

4.5 ... In Case of Error ... 72

5 ... Control Structures ... 75

5.1 ... Conditionals ... 75

5.2 ... Loops ... 79

5.3 ... The pass Statement ... 87

5.4 ... Assignment Expressions ... 87

6 ... Files ... 91

6.1 ... Data Streams ... 91

6.2 ... Reading Data from a File ... 92

6.3 ... Writing Data to a File ... 96

6.4 ... Generating the File Object ... 97

7 ... The Data Model ... 103

7.1 ... The Structure of Instances ... 105

7.2 ... Deleting References ... 109

7.3 ... Mutable versus Immutable Data Types ... 111

8 ... Functions, Methods, and Attributes ... 115

8.1 ... Parameters of Functions and Methods ... 115

8.2 ... Attributes ... 118

9 ... Sources of Information on Python ... 119

9.1 ... The Built-In Help Function ... 119

9.2 ... The Online Documentation ... 120

9.3 ... PEPs ... 120

PART II ... Data Types ... 123

10 ... Basic Data Types: An Overview ... 125

10.1 ... Nothingness: NoneType ... 126

10.2 ... Operators ... 127

11 ... Numeric Data Types ... 131

11.1 ... Arithmetic Operators ... 131

11.2 ... Comparison Operators ... 133

11.3 ... Conversion between Numeric Data Types ... 134

11.4 ... Integers: int ... 135

11.5 ... Floats: float ... 141

11.6 ... Boolean Values: bool ... 144

11.7 ... Complex Numbers: complex ... 149

12 ... Sequential Data Types ... 153

12.1 ... The Difference between Text and Binary Data ... 153

12.2 ... Operations on Instances of Sequential Data Types ... 154

12.3 ... The list Data Type ... 166

12.4 ... Immutable Lists: tuple ... 179

12.5 ... Strings: str, bytes, bytearray ... 182

13 ... Mappings and Sets ... 215

13.1 ... Dictionary: dict ... 215

13.2 ... Sets: set and frozenset ... 227

14 ... Collections ... 239

14.1 ... Chained Dictionaries ... 239

14.2 ... Counting Frequencies ... 240

14.3 ... Dictionaries with Default Values ... 242

14.4 ... Doubly Linked Lists ... 243

14.5 ... Named Tuples ... 245

15 ... Date and Time ... 247

15.1 ... Elementary Time Functionstime ... 247

15.2 ... Object-Oriented Date Management: datetime ... 254

15.3 ... Time Zones: zoneinfo ... 263

16 ... Enumerations and Flags ... 269

16.1 ... Enumeration Types: enum ... 269

16.2 ... Enumeration Types for Bit Patterns: flag ... 271

16.3 ... Integer Enumeration Types: IntEnum ... 272

PART III ... Advanced Programming Techniques ... 275

17 ... Functions ... 277

17.1 ... Defining a Function ... 278

17.2 ... Return Values ... 280

17.3 ... Function Objects ... 282

17.4 ... Optional Parameters ... 282

17.5 ... Keyword Arguments ... 283

17.6 ... Arbitrarily Many Parameters ... 284

17.7 ... Keyword-Only Parameters ... 286

17.8 ... Positional-Only Parameters ... 287

17.9 ... Unpacking When Calling a Function ... 288

17.10 ... Side Effects ... 290

17.11 ... Namespaces ... 293

17.12 ... Anonymous Functions ... 299

17.13 ... Recursion ... 300

17.14 ... Built-In Functions ... 300

18 ... Modules and Packages ... 325

18.1 ... Importing Global Modules ... 326

18.2 ... Local Modules ... 328

18.3 ... Packages ... 331

18.4 ... The importlib Package ... 335

18.5 ... Planned Language Elements ... 338

19 ... Object-Oriented Programming ... 341

19.1 ... Example: A Non-Object-Oriented Account ... 341

19.2 ... Classes ... 346

19.3 ... Inheritance ... 351

19.4 ... Multiple Inheritance ... 363

19.5 ... Property Attributes ... 365

19.6 ... Static Methods ... 367

19.7 ... Class Methods ... 369

19.8 ... Class Attributes ... 370

19.9 ... Built-in Functions for Object-Oriented Programming ... 370

19.10 ... Inheriting Built-In Data Types ... 373

19.11 ... Magic Methods and Magic Attributes ... 375

19.12 ... Data Classes ... 393

20 ... Exception Handling ... 399

20.1 ... Exceptions ... 399

20.2 ... Assertions ... 411

20.3 ... Warnings ... 412

21 ... Generators and Iterators ... 415

21.1 ... Generators ... 415

21.2 ... Iterators ... 422

21.3 ... Special Generators: itertools ... 432

22 ... Context Manager ... 441

22.1 ... The with Statement ... 441

22.2 ... Helper Functions for with Contexts: contextlib ... 444

23 ... Decorators ... 449

23.1 ... Function Decorators ... 449

23.2 ... Class Decorators ... 454

23.3 ... The functools Module ... 455

24 ... Annotations for Static Type Checking ... 463

24.1 ... Annotations ... 464

24.2 ... Type Hints: The typing Module ... 471

24.3 ... Static Type Checking in Python: mypy ... 476

25 ... Structural Pattern Matching ... 479

25.1 ... The match Statement ... 479

25.2 ... Pattern Types in the case Statement ... 480

PART IV ... The Standard Library ... 495

26 ... Mathematics ... 497

26.1 ... Mathematical Functions: math, cmath ... 497

26.2 ... Random Number Generator: random ... 503

26.3 ... Statistical Calculations: statistics ... 507

26.4 ... Intuitive Decimal Numbers: decimal ... 509

26.5 ... Hash Functions: hashlib ... 514

27 ... Screen Outputs and Logging ... 521

27.1 ... Formatted Output of Complex Objects: pprint ... 521

27.2 ... Log Files: logging ... 523

28 ... Regular Expressions ... 529 …