Industrial Air Pollution Monitoring

Developed from a short course taught at Leeds University, this book covers methods of monitoring emissions of air pollutants from stationary sources. It surveys the techniques and points out their advantages and disadvantages.

Contenu
1 Legislation on emissions of air pollutants and their monitoring.- 1.1 Why monitor emissions?.- 1.2 Emissions limits.- 1.3 Monitoring requirements.- 2 Gas composition calculations.- 2.1 Units.- 2.2 Wet and dry gas.- 2.3 Combustion fundamentals.- 2.4 The 'mole' method of calculation for gases.- 2.5 Combustion and emissions calculations for solid and liquid fuels or wastes.- 2.6 Calculations based on flue gas analysis.- 3 Particulate emissions by extractive sampling.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Basic principles.- 3.3 Equipment.- 3.4 Practical aspects of sampling.- 4 Particulate emissions - optical and other methods for continuous monitoring from a point source.- 4.1 The definition of particulate emissions.- 4.2 Design of optical devices for continuous measurement.- 4.3 Other techniques for continuous measurement.- 4.4 Interaction of light with particles.- 4.5 Practical limitations.- 4.6 Summary.- 5 Gas sampling and conditioning.- 5.1 General considerations.- 5.2 Representative sampling.- 5.3 Sampling probes and transfer lines.- 5.4 Sample conditioning.- 5.5 Other features.- 6 Batch sampling and wet chemical methods of analysis.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Moisture.- 6.3 Simple combustion gases.- 6.4 Other gas chromatography applications.- 6.5 Aqueous absorption and wet chemical analysis.- 6.6 Sulphur compounds.- 6.7 Nitrogen compounds.- 6.8 Halogen compounds.- 6.9 Metals.- 7 Optical methods of analysis. 1 Infra-red.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Infra-red spectra of typical polluting gases.- 7.3 Types of analyser.- 7.4 Comparison between extractive and cross-duct systems.- 7.5 Conclusions.- 8 Optical methods of gas analysis. 2 Visible and ultra-violet.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Ultra-violet/visible absorption principles.- 8.3 Practical NDUV analyser.- 8.4 Dispersive UV.- 8.5Chemiluminescent analysers.- 9 Volatile organics.- 9.1 Background.- 9.2 Sampling of organic compounds.- 9.3 Separating organic compounds.- 9.4 Analysis of organic compounds.- 10 Sampling and analysis of PAH, dioxins and furans.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Chemistry and toxicology.- 10.3 Emissions from combustion sources.- 10.4 Sampling.- 10.5 Analysis.- 10.6 Summary.- 11 Electrochemical and other non-optical techniques.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Methods for oxygen.- 11.3 Other low-temperature electrochemical cells.- 11.4 High-temperature electrochemical cells.- 11.5 Semiconductor sensors.- 11.6 Combustible gas detectors.- 11.7 Mass spectrometry.- 11.8 Ion mobility spectrometry.- 12 Calibration of continuous gaseous emission measuring systems.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Sampling and accuracy of CEMS.- 12.3 Types of CEMS and available calibration methods.- 12.4 Calibration with standard reference gas mixtures.- 12.5 Calibration using standard reference test methods.- 12.6 Calibration using verified CEMS.- 13 Calibration gases.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 Calibration gas selection.- 13.3 Calibration gas mixture preparation.- 13.4 Static volumetric methods.- 13.5 Dynamic volumetric methods.- 13.6 Traceability.- 13.7 Traceability of calibration gas mixtures.- 13.8 Stability.- 13.9 'Spectra Seal'.- 14 Datalogging.- 14.1 Emission monitoring requirements.- 14.2 Methods of emission monitoring.- 14.3 Summary.- 15 Quality assurance and quality control in emissions monitoring.- 15.1 Introduction.- 15.2 Quality management for emissions monitoring.- 15.3 Organization and management.- 15.4 Quality systems.- 15.5 Staff.- 15.6 Equipment.- 15.7 Measurement traceability and calibration.- 15.8 Sample storage and transport.- 15.9 Quality audits and reviews.- 15.10 Common sources of error.-16 Statistics in relation to emissions monitoring.- 16.1 Introduction.- 16.2 The data.- 16.3 Fundamentals.- 16.4 Confidence limits.- 16.5 Hypothesis testing.- 16.6 Comparison of means.- 16.7 Statistics relating to the percentile points of a distribution.- Appendices.- A British Standards.- B German VDI Standards (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure).- C US EPA Standard Methods.- D Main provisions for testing to British Standard 3405: 1983..