The new edition of the leading resource on designing digital frequency synthesizers from microwave and wireless applications, fully updated to reflect the most modern integrated circuits and semiconductors

Microwave and Wireless Synthesizers: Theory and Design, Second Edition, remains the standard text on the subject by providing complete and up-to-date coverage of both practical and theoretical aspects of modern frequency synthesizers and their components. Featuring contributions from leading experts in the field, this classic volume describes loop fundamentals, noise and spurious responses, special loops, loop components, multiloop synthesizers, and more. Practical synthesizer examples illustrate the design of a high-performance hybrid synthesizer and performance measurement techniques--offering readers clear instruction on the various design steps and design rules.

The second edition includes extensively revised content throughout, including a modern approach to dealing with the noise and spurious response of loops and updated material on digital signal processing and architectures. Reflecting today's technology, new practical and validated examples cover a combination of analog and digital synthesizers and hybrid systems. Enhanced and expanded chapters discuss implementations of direct digital synthesis (DDS) architectures, the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), crystal and other high-Q based oscillators, arbitrary waveform generation, vector signal generation, and other current tools and techniques. Now requiring no additional literature to be useful, this comprehensive, one-stop resource:

• Provides a fully reviewed, updated, and enhanced presentation of microwave and wireless synthesizers
• Presents a clear mathematical method for designing oscillators for best noise performance at both RF and microwave frequencies
• Contains new illustrations, figures, diagrams, and examples

• Includes extensive appendices to aid in calculating phase noise in free-running oscillators, designing VHF and UHF oscillators with CAD software, using state-of-the-art synthesizer chips, and generating millimeter wave frequencies using the delay line principle

  Containing numerous designs of proven circuits and more than 500 relevant citations from scientific journal and papers, Microwave and Wireless Synthesizers: Theory and Design, Second Edition, is a must-have reference for engineers working in the field of radio communication, and the perfect textbook for advanced electrical engineering students.

  Autorentext

  Dr.Ing.habil Ulrich L. Rohde, is a Professor of Technical Informatics, University of the Joint Armed Forces, Munich Germany; member of the staff of other Universities world-wide; partner of Rohde & Schwarz, Munich; and Chairman of the Board of Synergy Microwave Corporation. Formerly Professor of Electrical Engineering at George Washington University and the University of Florida, Dr. Rohde has consulted on numerous communication projects in industry and government, has more than 300 publications, and written many textbooks including this one. He is the author of the first edition of Microwave and Wireless Synthesizers: Theory and Design.

Enrico Rubiola, PhD, is Professor at the Université de Franche Comté (The University of Franche-Comté), Researcher at the Department of Time and Frequency of the CNRS FEMTO-ST Institute, France, and Associated Researcher at INRiM, Italy's National Metrology Institute (NMI). He is Founder the Oscillator IMP project, a platform for the measurement of short-term frequency stability and AM/PM noise of oscillators and related components.Jerry Whitaker is Vice President for Standards Development of the Advanced Television Systems Committee. He also serves as Secretary of the Technology Group on Next Generation Broadcast Television, and is closely involved in work relating to educational programs. He is a Fellow and previous Vice President of the Society of Broadcast Engineers, and a Life Fellow of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers.

Inhalt

Author Biography xii

Preface xvi

Important Notations xx

1 Loop Fundamentals 1

1-1 Introduction to Linear Loops 1

1-2 Characteristics of a Loop 3

1-3 Digital Loops 7

1-4 Type 1 First-Order Loop 10

1-5 Type 1 Second-Order Loop 12

1-6 Type 2 Second-Order Loop 20

1-6-1 Transient Behavior of Digital Loops Using Tri-state Phase Detectors 22

1-7 Type 2 Third-Order Loop 27

1-7-1 Transfer Function of Type 2 Third-Order Loop 28

1-7-2 FM Noise Suppression 35

1-8 Higher-Order Loops 36

1-8-1 Fifth-Order Loop Transient Response 36

1-9 Digital Loops with Mixers 40

1-10 Acquisition 44

Example 1 48

1-10-1 Pull-in Performance of the Digital Loop 49

1-10-2 Coarse Steering of the VCO as an Acquisition Aid 52

1-10-3 Loop Stability 54

References 62

Suggested Reading 62

2 Almost all About Phase Noise 65

2-1 Introduction to Phase Noise 65

2-1-1 The Clock Signal 65

2-1-2 The Power Spectral Density (PSD) 68

2-1-3 Basics of Noise 71

2-1-4 Phase and Frequency Noise 78

2-2 The Allan Variance and Other Two-Sample Variances 88

2-2-1 Frequency Counters 89

2-2-2 The Two-Sample Variances AVAR, MVAR, and PVAR 94

2-2-3 Conversion from Spectra to Two-Sample Variances 96

2-3 Phase Noise in Components 100

2-3-1 Amplifiers 100

2-3-2 Frequency Dividers 104

2-3-3 Frequency Multipliers 112

2-3-4 Direct Digital Synthesizer (DDS) 117

2-3-5 Phase Detectors 128

2-3-6 Noise Contribution from Power Supplies 132

2-4 Phase Noise in Oscillators 133

2-4-1 Modern View of the Leeson Model 134

2-4-2 Circumventing the Resonator's Thermal Noise 144

2-4-3 Oscillator Hacking 146

2-5 The Measurement of Phase Noise 153

2-5-1 Double-Balanced Mixer Instruments 154

2-5-2 The Cross-Spectrum Method 166

2-5-3 Digital Instruments 171

2-5-4 Pitfalls and Limitations of the Cross-Spectrum Measurements 180

2-5-5 The Bridge (Interferometric) Method 187

2-5-6 Artifacts and Oddities Often Found in the Real World 190

References 193

Suggested Readings 197

3 Special Loops 201

3-1 Introduction 201

3-2 Direct Digital Synthesis Techniques 201

3-2-1 A First Look at Fractional N 202

3-2-2 Digital Waveform Synthesizers 203

3-2-3 Signal Quality 220

3-2-4 Future Prospects 235

3-3 Loops with Delay Line as Phase Comparators 236

3-4 Fractional Division N Synthesizers 237

3-4-1 Example Implementation 240

3-4-2 Some Special Past Patents for Fractional Division N Synthesizers 253

References 255

Bibliography 256

Fractional Division N Readings 256

4 Loop Components 259

4-1 Introduction to Oscillators and Their Mathematical Treatment 259

4-2 The Colpitts Oscillator 259

4-2-1 Linear Approach 260

4-2-2 Design Example for a 350MHz Fixed-Frequency Colpitts Oscillator 269

4-2-3 Validation Circuits 282

4-2-4 Series Feedback Oscillator 314

4-2-5 2400 MHz MOSFET-Based Push-Pull Oscillator 319

4-2-6 Oscillators for IC Applications 336

4-2-7 Noise in Semiconductors and Circuits 337

4-2-8 Summary 339

4-3 Use of Tuning Diodes 339

4-3-1 Diode Tuned Resonant Circuits 340

4-3-2 Practical Circuits 344

4-4 Use of Diode Switches 345

4-4-1 Diode Switches for Electronic Band Selection 346

4-4-2 Use of Diodes for Frequency Multiplication 347

4-5 Reference Frequency Standards 351

4-5-1 Specifying Oscillators 351

4-5-2 Typical Examples of Crystal Oscillator Specifications 352

4-6 Mixer Applications 354

4-7 Phase/Frequency Comparators 357

4-7-1 Diode Rings 357

4-7-2 Exclusive ORs 358

4-7-3 Sample/Hold Detectors 362

4-7-4 Edge-Triggered JK Master/Slave Flip-Flops 368

4-7-5 Digital Tri-State Comparators 369

4-8 Wideband High-Gain Amplifiers 378

4-8-1 Summation Amplifiers 378

4-8-2 Differential Limiters 382

4-8-3 Isolation Amplifiers 382

4-8-4 Example Implementations 387

4-9 Programmable Dividers 393

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