Structured Computer Organization, specifically written for undergraduate students, is a best-selling guide that provides an accessible introduction to computer hardware and architecture. This text will also serve as a useful resource for all computer professionals and engineers who need an overview or introduction to computer architecture. This book takes a modern structured, layered approach to understanding computer systems. It's highly accessible - and it's been thoroughly updated to reflect today's most critical new technologies and the latest developments in computer organization and architecture. Tanenbaum's renowned writing style and painstaking research make this one of the most accessible and accurate books available, maintaining the author's popular method of presenting a computer as a series of layers, each one built upon the ones below it, and understandable as a separate entity.

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 STRUCTURED COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
1.1.1 Languages, Levels, and Virtual Machines
1.1.2 Contemporary Multilevel Machines
1.1.3 Evolution of Multilevel Machines
1.2 MILESTONES IN COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
1.2.1 The Zeroth Generation (Mechanical Computers (1642-1945))
1.2.2 The First Generation (Vacuum Tubes (1945-1955))
1.2.3 The Second Generation (Transistors (1955-1965))
1.2.4 The Third Generation (Integrated Circuits (1965-1980))
1.2.5 The Fourth Generation (Very Large Scale Integration (1980-?))
1.2.6 The Fifth Generation (Low-Power and Invisible Computers)
1.3 THE COMPUTER ZOO
1.3.1 Technological and Economic Forces
1.3.2 The Computer Spectrum
1.3.3 Disposable Computers
1.3.4 Microcontrollers
1.3.5 Mobile and Game Computers
1.3.6 Personal Computers
1.3.7 Servers
1.3.8 Mainframes
1.4 EXAMPLE COMPUTER FAMILIES
1.4.1 Introduction to the x86 Architecture
1.4.2 Introduction to the ARM Architecture
1.4.3 Introduction to the AVR Architecture
1.5 METRIC UNITS
1.6 OUTLINE OF THIS BOOK

CHAPTER 2 COMPUTER SYSTEMS ORGANIZATION
2.1 PROCESSORS
2.1.1 CPU Organization
2.1.2 Instruction Execution
2.1.3 RISC versus CISC
2.1.4 Design Principles for Modern Computers
2.1.5 Instruction-Level Parallelism
2.1.6 Processor-Level Parallelism
2.2 PRIMARY MEMORY
2.2.1 Bits
2.2.2 Memory Addresses
2.2.3 Byte Ordering
2.2.4 Error-Correcting Codes
2.2.5 Cache Memory
2.2.6 Memory Packaging and Types
2.3 SECONDARY MEMORY
2.3.1 Memory Hierarchies
2.3.2 Magnetic Disks
2.3.3 IDE Disks
2.3.4 SCSI Disks
2.3.5 RAID
2.3.6 Solid-State Disks
2.3.7 CD-ROMs
2.3.8 CD-Recordables
2.3.9 CD-Rewritables
2.3.10 DVD
2.3.11 Blu-ray
2.4 INPUT/OUTPUT
2.4.1 Buses
2.4.2 Terminals
2.4.3 Mice
2.4.4 Game Controllers
2.4.5 Printers
2.4.6 Telecommunications Equipment
2.4.7 Digital Cameras
2.4.8 Character Codes
2.5 SUMMARY

CHAPTER 3 THE DIGITAL LOGIC LEVEL
3.1 GATES AND BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
3.1.1 Gates
3.1.2 Boolean Algebra
3.1.3 Implementation of Boolean Functions
3.1.4 Circuit Equivalence
3.2 BASIC DIGITAL LOGIC CIRCUITS
3.2.1 Integrated Circuits
3.2.2 Combinational Circuits
3.2.3 Arithmetic Circuits
3.2.4 Clocks
3.3 MEMORY
3.3.1 Latches
3.3.2 Flip-Flops
3.3.3 Registers
3.3.4 Memory Organization
3.3.5 Memory Chips
3.3.6 RAMs and ROMs
3.4 CPU CHIPS AND BUSES
3.4.1 CPU Chips
3.4.2 Computer Buses
3.4.3 Bus Width
3.4.4 Bus Clocking
3.4.5 Bus Arbitration
3.4.6 Bus Operations
3.5 EXAMPLE CPU CHIPS
3.5.1 The Intel Core i7
3.5.2 The Texas Instruments OMAP4430 System-on-a-Chip
3.5.3 The Atmel ATmega168 Microcontroller
3.6 EXAMPLE BUSES
3.6.1 The PCI Bus
3.6.2 PCI Express
3.6.3 The Universal Serial Bus
3.7 INTERFACING
3.7.1 I/O Interfaces
3.7.2 Address Decoding
3.8 SUMMARY

CHAPTER 4 THE MICROARCHITECTURE LEVEL
4.1 AN EXAMPLE MICROARCHITECTURE
4.1.1 The Data Path
4.1.2 Microinstructions
4.1.3 Microinstruction Control: The Mic-1
4.2 AN EXAMPLE ISA: IJVM
4.2.1 Stacks
4.2.2 The IJVM Memory Model
4.2.3 The IJVM Instruction Set
4.2.4 Compiling Java to IJVM
4.3 AN EXAMPLE IMPLEMENTATION
4.3.1 Microinstructions and Notation
4.3.2 Implementation of IJVM Using the Mic-1
4.4 DESIGN OF THE MICROARCHITECTURE LEVEL
4.4.1 Speed versus Cost
4.4.2 Reducing the Execution Path Length
4.4.3 A Design with Prefetching: The Mic-2
4.4.4 A Pipelined Design: The Mic-3
4.4.5 A Seven-Stage Pipeline: The Mic-4
4.5 IMPROVING PERFORMANCE
4.5.1 Cache Memory
4.5.2 Branch Prediction
4.5.3 Out-of-Order Execution and Register Renaming
4.5.4 Speculative Execution
4.6 EXAMPLES OF