Vaccines

The immune system is the only organ system in the body besides the central nervous systems endowed with memory. Both types of memories are specific and long-lasting, sometimes life long. This memory capacity of the immune system provides the basis for the most cost-efficient of all medical interventions, successful vaccinations against many common infectious diseases. Such a success requires the isolation of the infectious agent or toxic substance, methods to grow and/or purify the relevant antigen and change it into something innocuous whilst maintaining its immunogenicity. Whereas the early vaccines could only use the enhanced resistance against infectious disease as a measure of vaccine efficacy, most modern vaccines rely upon standardized laboratory tests accepted to parallel the in vivo protective capacity to confirm the quality and potency of the respective vaccine. We are presently experiencing an explosion in the development of new and/or improved vaccines. This is largely due to a parallel rapid expansion in our knowledge of the immune system and of the detailed molecular structure and function of microorganisms. Using this knowledge it is now possible to compose vaccines of new types where only certain molecules (or parts of molecules) derived from a pathogen are included, excluding other potentially harmful ones. Whereas earlier attenuated live vaccines were created by em pirical means such vaccines can now be created by molecularly defined inter ventions in the genome of the microorganism.

Provides a broad overview of how the immune system functions Presents the various forms of vaccines used against important infectious diseases

Klappentext

This book provides our present basic understanding of how the immune system functions during infections and vaccinations. The most recent methodological advances in vaccine technology such as nucleic acid vaccines are described and a broad coverage of the vaccine situation against all major infectious diseases is given including both history, present state and future possibilities. The book also contains a series of articles of vaccines against non-infectious diseases or conditions in man. The present situation with regard to human anti-pregnancy vaccines is summarized. The front lines of cancer vaccines are described and various approaches to ameliorate or eliminate autoimmune diseases by vaccinations are discussed. Finally, new approaches to eliminate IgE-mediated allergies are presented. It is an entirely new book written by renowned experts in their fields.

Inhalt
1 Vaccines: Past, Present and Future.- A. Bacterial Vaccines: Past, Present and Future.- B. Viral Vaccines.- C. Parasite Vaccines.- References.- 2 Immunology of Infection.- A. Introduction.- B. The Adaptive (Acquired) Immune Response.- C. The Cellular Immune System: T Cells.- D. Cytokines.- E. The Early Decision on the Type of Effector Functions that Prevail in an Immune Response.- F. The Humoral Immune System: B Cells.- G. T and B Cell Memory.- H. Mucosal Immunity.- I. Unsuccessful Induction of Specific Immune Responses.- J. Implications for Rational Vaccine Design.- References.- 3 DNA Vaccines: Immunogenicity and Preclinical Efficacy.- A. Overview.- B. Background.- C. Effectiveness of DNA Vaccines in Animal Models.- D. Mucosal Immunization.- E. Delivery Systems and Adjuvants.- F. Summary.- References.- 4 Antigen-Presentation Systems, Immunomodulators, and Immune Responses to Vaccines.- A. From Empirical Approaches to Rationally Selected Antigen-Presentation Systems and Immunomodulators for Vaccine-Mediated Protection Against Infectious Diseases.- B. What Are the Essential Parameters of Vaccine-Induced Effector Mechanisms?.- C. What Fundamental Immunological Mechanisms Can Be Modulated by Antigen-Delivery Systems and Immunomodulators?.- D. What Is the Effect of Specific Delivery Systems and Immunomodulators on Responses to Vaccine Antigens?.- E. How Can Vaccines Be Designed for Selected Target Populations with Variable Levels of Immunocompetence?.- F. Conclusions.- References.- 5 Vaccines Against Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Varicella.- A. Introduction.- B. Measles Vaccine.- C.) Mumps Vaccine.- D. Rubella Vaccine.- E. Varicella Vaccine.- F. Epilogue.- References.- 6 Hepatitis and Polio Vaccines.- A. Introduction.- B. Hepatitis A Virus.- C. Hepatitis B Virus.- D. Hepatitis C Virus.- E. Hepatitis E Virus.- F. Poliovirus.- References.- 7 Herpes.- A. Herpesviridae.- B. Historical Background.- C. The Glycoproteins.- D. Early Events of Human Herpes Virus Replication.- E. Latency.- F. Reactivation.- G. Clinical Infections.- H. Immunology.- I. Therapeutic Vaccines.- J. Prophylactic Vaccines.- K. Conclusions.- References.- 8 Toxin-Based Vaccines (Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis).- A. Introduction.- B. Diphtheria Toxin.- C. Tetanus Toxin.- D. Production, Effectiveness, and Problems of Conventional Diphtheria and Tetanus Vaccines.- E. Future Prospects.- F. Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids as Carriers for Polysaccharide Vaccines.- G. Pertussis.- References.- 9 Outer Membrane Protein Vaccines.- A. Introduction.- B. Neisseria gonorrhoeae.- C. Neisseria meningitidis.- D. Nontypable Haemophilus influenzae.- E. Moraxella catarrhalis.- F. Animal Models.- References.- 10 Carbohydrate-Based Bacterial Vaccines.- A. Introduction.- B. The Hib Experience.- C. Meningococcal Polysaccharide and Conjugate Vaccines.- D. Pneumococcal Polysaccharide and Conjugate Vaccines.- E. Salmonella, Shigella, and E. coli.- References.- 11 Mycobacteria.- A. Introduction.- B. The Cellular Response to Mycobacteria.- C. Mycobacterial Antigens.- D. Protection Versus Disease.- E. Mycobacterial Vaccines.- F. Future Prospects.- References.- 12 Vaccines Against Diarrheal Diseases.- A. Introduction.- B. Overview of the Main Diarrrheal Pathogens.- C. Mechanisms of Disease and Immunity in Diarrheal Diseases.- D. Cholera Vaccines.- E. ETEC Vaccines.- F. Shigella Vaccines.- G. Campylobacter jejuni Vaccines.- H. Rotavirus Vaccines.- References.- 13 Sexually Transmitted Diseases.- A. Introduction.- B. Special Challenges.- C. Gonorrhea.- D. Chlamydia Infection.- E. Genital Ulcers Caused by Haemophilus ducreyi.- F. Syphilis.- G. Human Genital Papilloma Virus Infection.- H. Herpes Simplex Infection.- I. Conclusion.- References.- 14 Designing a Vaccine Against HIV.- A. Perspective.- B. The Role of Antibody.- C. The Role of Cytotoxic T-Cells.- D. Other T-Cell Activities.- E. Mucosal Immunity.- F. Vaccine Approaches.- G. Prospectus.- References.- 15 An Overview of Malaria Vaccine Development Efforts.- A. Epidemiology.- B. The Parasite.- C. Approaches to Malaria Vaccine Development: Preventing Erythrocytic Stage Infection or Reducing Morbidity and Mortality Without Preventing Infection.- D. Preerythrocytic Stage Vaccines.- E. Erythrocytic Stage Vaccines: Reducing Parasite Burden and Blocking Pathogenesis.- F. Transmission Blocking Vaccines.- G. Conclusions.- References.- 16 Antifertility Vaccines.- A. Introduction.- B. Current Status of Vaccine Development.- C. Problems and Prospects.- References.- 17 Cancer Vaccines.- A. Introduction.- B. Tumor Antigens.- C. Types of Tumor Vaccines.- D. Downregulatory Mechanisms.- E. Conclusions and Outlook.- References.- 18 Prevention of Autoimmunity.- A. Overview of Autoimmune Diseases.- B. Autoreactive T Cells.- C. Antigen-Specific Therapy.- D.Future Directions.- References.- 19 Vaccines Against Allergies.- A. Introduction.- B. The Allergic Immune Response.- C. Traditional Immunotherapy.- D. Conclusions.- References.