This book investigates the applicability of satellite radar interferometry (InSAR) for deformation monitoring. The presented methodologies are demonstrated in an integrated way for the entire northern part of the Netherlands and a part of Germany.

This book covers a unique combination of scientific research and the practical demand for subsidence monitoring techniques focused on the satellite radar interferometry technique (InSAR). It covers the topic in a generic way: both precision and reliability of InSAR as a measurement technique, and the estimation of earth surface deformation in the presence of multiple deformation causes are addressed.

It provides a review of existing subsidence estimation methodologies using geodetic measurements, explains Persistent Scatterer InSAR (PSI), and proposes a new method for reliability assessment: multi-track datum connection. The presented methodologies are demonstrated for the entire northern part of the Netherlands and a part of Germany (covering ~15.000 km2), using multi-track SAR observations from ESA's ERS and Envisat satellites.

The capability of PSI for wide-scale monitoring of subsidence rates of several millimeters per year in a rural area (which implies a low PS density) is shown. Additionally, methodologies for a better discrimination of the deformation signal of interest, subsidence due to hydrocarbon production, are assessed.

Essential for operational use, the performance of PSI with respect to the leveling technique is quantified. It is shown that the high spatial and temporal observation density of PSI moreover contributes to the understanding of subsurface processes. For example, subsidence due to gas extraction and subsequent uplift due to underground gas storage is clearly detected.

Audience:

• *This book will be of interest to scientists and professionals in geodesy and geophysics working with Radar Interferometry, studying displacements, subsidence, earthquakes, or volcanoes.

  Unique combination of scientific research and the operational use for deformation monitoring Precision and reliability assessment of InSAR as a measurement technique, including the newly developed multi-track datum connection procedure Demonstrates the applicability of PSI for deformation monitoring using a general theoretical framework in unfavourable circumstances (rural areas, small displacement rates (up to ~7 mm/year), over a large spatial extent (~15.000 km2) The extra potential of PSI for monitoring reservoir behavior is investigated: subsidence and uplift, estimation of horizontal deformation by combining multiple tracks Includes supplementary material: sn.pub/extras

  Inhalt
  Subsidence Due to Hydrocarbon Production in the Netherlands.- Persistent Scatterer InSAR.- Quality Control.- Multi-track PSI.- PSI Subsidence Monitoring in Groningen.- Cross-Validation and Operational Implementation.- Discussion and Future Subsidence Monitoring.- Conclusions and Recommendations.