This fully updated second edition outlines the currently available clinical, epidemiological and experimental data on *Clostridioidesdifficile* infections(CDI) with special emphasis on studies and results achieved in Europe.

The incidence and severity of CDI has increased significantly over the last decade, and the book explains why C. difficile, recently reclassified as Clostridioides difficile, remains a significant challenge, also from economic perspective, to health care systems all over the world. The different reservoirs of this ubiquitous microorganism are reviewed as well as the different factors contributing to its virulence, such as toxins and biofilm formation. The rapid evolution of antibiotic resistance is clearly a concern and in a specific way can influence the CDI epidemiology. Additionally, new emerging strains and comparative genomics studies are taken into consideration for their relevance from epidemiological and evolutionary point of view.

The book also gives an overview on diagnostics, therapy and surveillance, all of which are still challenging. Therefore, a closer look is taken on the effect of probiotics as an alternative to antibiotics, for prevention and treatment of CDI. Fecal transplantation from healthy donors, passive immunotherapies and vaccines for patients with recurrences are also discussed in dedicated chapters. New topics included sporulation and membrane vesicles in C. difficile.

The book closes with a summary of the history and the achievements of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Study Group for Clostridium difficile (ESGCD) written by the current and past presidents of the Society. It is the aim of this book to raise awareness on CDI and to disseminate updated information on its prevention, diagnosis and treatment.

Highlights the most important aspects of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of C. difficile infections (CDI) Gives guidance on C. difficile diagnostics Reviews antibiotic treatments and alternative treatments, e.g., probiotics and fecal transplantation

Autorentext
Dr. P. Mastrantonio has served till 2015 as research director in the Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases of the Italian National Institute of Health (ISS). She completed her studies in Biological Sciences at the University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy. She has been worked in the field of clinical bacteriology at ISS where she was appointed Director of the Laboratory of Gastroenteric and Neurologic Bacterial Diseases. In particular, she has been involved in international study groups on Clostridium difficile contributing to European surveillance studies to monitor the epidemiology of C.difficile infection. She was an Executive Committee member of the ESCMID Study Group on C. difficile (ESGCD) till 2014 and was appointed by the Italian Ministry of Health, in the years 2014-2017, as National Microbiological Focal Point at the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) in Stockholm. ****

Dr. M. Rupnik is professor of Microbiology at Medical faculty, University of Maribor, and Head of Department for Microbiological Research at National laboratory for health, environment and food (NLZOH) in Maribor, Slovenia. She completed University studies and PhD at Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana. Her research is focused on molecular epidemiology of C. difficile and lately also on gut microbiota and NGS applications in clinical microbiology. She is von Humboldt fellow, has obtained ECCMID award for Advances in Clinical Microbiology and Slovenian national award for exceptional scientific achievements. Since 2023 she acts as Editor-in-Chief for Anaerobe journal. She was a member of ESGCD Executive board and is serving as President of series of ICDS meetings (International C. difficile Symposium)

Inhalt
Economic burden of Clostridioides difficile infection in European countries.- The need for European surveillance of CDI.-Diagnostic guidance for C. difficile infections.- European practice for CDI treatment.- Faecal microbiota transplantation as emerging treatment in European countries 2.0.- Probiotics for prevention and treatment of Clostridioides difficile infection.- Immunization strategies against Clostridioides difficile.- Ribotypes and new virulent strains across Europe.- Antibiotic resistances of Clostridioides difficile.- Comparative genomics of Clostridioides difficile.- An updated view on the cellular uptake and mode-of-action of Clostridioides difficile toxins.- Clostridioides difficile biofilm.- Clostridioides difficile sporulation.- Membrane vesicles of C.difficile and other Clostridial species.- Non-human C.difficile reservoirs and sources: animals,food, environment.- The ESCMID Study Group for Clostridioides difficile : history, role and perspectives.