Tsunamis: 1992-1994

The 1993 Southwest Hokkaido Earthquake of Magnitude 7. 9 (July 12, 22: 17 JST) caused serious tsunami disasters in the southwestern part of Hokkaido, particularly on Okushiri Island (a tiny island off the southwest coast of Hokkaido with a population of about 4,500 at the time of earthquake). Of 230 casualties, including 28 missing, about 200 deaths are attributable to the tsunami. We have conducted detailed field surveys of tsunami disasters to learn lessons from this costly natural experiment for the future prevention of similar tsunami disasters. Our field work was conducted in four surveys totaling 39 days. During the first field survey (July 16 through July 21, 1994), we worked mostly on the estimation of the subsidence of Okushiri Island during the earthquake. Hence, our main work on tsunami disasters initiated from the second field survey (July 31 through Aug. 15, 1994). Several groups have conducted detailed surveys of the distribution of tsunami runup height as measured from the level of sea water (TsUJI et al. , 1 994a, b; MATSUTOMI and SHUTO, 1994; GOTO et al. , 1994). Such a precise runup height distribution is essential for characterizing tsunami, including its overall size. Indeed, the height distribution is the fundamental data for inferring earthquake source parameters through the simulation of tsunami generation (TAKAHASHI et al. , 1994; IMAMURA et al. , 1994; TSUJI et al. , 1994a; SATAKE and TANIOKA 1994; ABE, 1994; TANIOKA et al. , in review).

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This text contains papers addressing various aspects of tsunami (tidal wave) events. Papers include field survey reports of recent tsunamis in Indonesia, Japan, Philippines and Kurils, and observational and analytical works on tsunamis in the United States and Nicaragua.

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to Tsunamis: 1992-94.- Analysis and Automatic Processing in Near-field of Eight 19921994 Tsunamigenic Earthquakes: Improvements Towards Real-time Tsunami Warning.- Edge Wave and Non-trapped Modes of the 25 April 1992 Cape Mendocino Tsunami.- Ocean Cable Measurements of the Tsunami Signal from the 1992 Cape Mendocino Earthquake.- Source Characteristics of the 1992 Nicaragua Tsunami Earthquake Inferred from Teleseismic Body Waves.- Linear and Nonlinear Computations of the 1992 Nicaragua Earthquake Tsunami.- Magnitude Scale for the Central American Tsunamis.- Damage to Coastal Villages due to the 1992 Flores Island Earthquake Tsuimmi.- Coastal Sedimentation Associated with the December 12th, 1992 Tsunami in Flores, Indonesia.- Modeling the Seismic Source and Tsunami Generation of the December 12, 1992 Flores Island, Indonesia, Earthquake.- Numerical Simulation of the 1992 Flores Tsunami: Interpretation of Tsunami Phenomena in Northeastern Flores Island and Damage at Babi Island.- Laboratory Experiments of Tsunami Runup on a Circular Island.- Tsunami Trapping near Circular Islands.- Source Model of Noto-Hanto-Oki Earthquake Tsunami of 7 February 1993.- Two 1993 Kamchatka Earthquakes.- Field Survey of the 1993 Hokkaido Nansei-Oki Earthquake Tsunami.- Field Survey Report on Tsunami Disasters Caused by the 1993 Southwest Hokkaido Earthquake.- Onshore Tsunami Deposits Caused by the 1993 Southwest Hokkaido and 1983 Japan Sea Earthquakes.- Tsunami Deposits from the 1993 Southwest Hokkaido Earthquake and the 1640 Hokkaido Komagatake Eruption, Northern Japan.- Modeling of the Runup Heights of the Hokkaido-Nansei-Oki Tsunami of 12 July 1993.- Source Models for the 1993 Hokkaido Nansei-Oki Earthquake Tsunami.- Finite Element Modeling of the July 12, 1993 Hokkaido Nansei-OkiTsunami.- Tsunami Generation of the 1993 Hokkaido Nansei-Oki Earthquake.- Analysis of Seismological and Tsunami Data from the 1993 Guam Earthquake.- Field Survey of the East Java Earthquake and Tsunami of June 3, 1994.- The 1994 Shikotan Earthquake Tsunamis.- Field Survey of the 1994 Mindoro Island, Philippines Tsunami.