Analog Integrated Circuit Design, International Student Version

Klappentext When first published this text by David Johns and Kenneth Martin quickly became a leading textbook for the advanced course on Analog IC Design. This new edition has been thoroughly revised and updated but continues the central themes of the first edition which made it so sucessful. This edition features extensive new material on CMOS IC device modeling, processing and layout. Coverage has been added on several types of circuits that have increased in importance in the past decade, such as generalized integer-N phase locked loops and their phase noise analysis, voltage regulators, and 1.5b-per-stage pipelined A/D converters. Two new chapters have been added to make the book more accessible to beginners in the field: frequency response of analog ICs; and basic theory of feedback amplifiers. Zusammenfassung * The second edition of Analog Integrated Circuit Design focuses on several types of circuits that have increased in importance in the past decade. * The text is enhanced with material on CMOS IC device modeling, updated processing layout and expanded coverage to reflect technical innovations. Inhaltsverzeichnis CHAPTER 1 INTEGRATED-CIRCUIT DEVICES AND MODELLING 1 1.1 Semiconductors and pn Junctions 1 1.1.1 Diodes 2 1.1.2 Reverse-Biased Diodes 4 1.1.3 Graded Junctions 8 1.1.4 Large-Signal Junction Capacitance 10 1.1.5 Forward-Biased Junctions 11 1.1.6 Junction Capacitance of Forward-Biased Diode 12 1.1.7 Small-Signal Model of a Forward-Biased Diode 13 1.1.8 Schottky Diodes 14 1.2 MOS Transistors 15 1.2.1 Symbols for MOS Transistors 16 1.2.2 Basic Operation 17 1.2.3 Large-Signal Modelling 22 1.2.4 Body Effect 25 1.2.5 p-Channel Transistors 26 1.2.6 Low-Frequency Small-Signal Modelling in the Active Region 26 1.2.7 High-Frequency Small-Signal Modelling in the Active Region 32 1.2.8 Small-Signal Modelling in the Triode and Cutoff Regions 35 1.2.9 Analog Figures of Merit and Trade-offs 37 1.3 Device Model Summary 39 1.3.1 Constants 40 1.3.2 Diode Equations 40 1.3.3 MOS Transistor Equations 41 1.4 Advanced MOS Modelling 43 1.4.1 Subthreshold Operation 43 1.4.2 Mobility Degradation 46 1.4.3 Summary of Subthreshold and Mobility Degradation Equations 48 1.4.4 Parasitic Resistances 48 1.4.5 Short-Channel Effects 49 1.4.6 Leakage Currents 50 1.5 SPICE Modelling Parameters 51 1.5.1 Diode Model 51 1.5.2 MOS Transistors 52 1.5.3 Advanced SPICE Models of MOS Transistors 52 1.6 Passive Devices 55 1.6.1 Resistors 55 1.6.2 Capacitors 59 1.7 Appendix 61 1.7.1 Diode Exponential Relationship 61 1.7.2 Diode-Diffusion Capacitance 63 1.7.3 MOS Threshold Voltage and the Body Effect 65 1.7.4 MOS Triode Relationship 67 1.8 Key Points 69 1.9 References 70 1.10 Problems 70 CHAPTER 2 PROCESSING AND LAYOUT 73 2.1 CMOS Processing 73 2.1.1 The Silicon Wafer 73 2.1.2 Photolithography and Well Definition 74 2.1.3 Diffusion and Ion Implantation 76 2.1.4 Chemical Vapor Deposition and Defining the Active Regions 78 2.1.5 Transistor Isolation 78 2.1.6 Gate-Oxide and Threshold-Voltage Adjustments 81 2.1.7 Polysilicon Gate Formation 82 2.1.8 Implanting the Junctions, Depositing SiO2, and Opening Contact Holes 82 2.1.9 Annealing, Depositing and Patterning Metal, and Overglass Deposition 84 2.1.10 Additional Processing Steps 84 2.2 CMOS Layout and Design Rules 86 2.2.1 Spacing Rules 86 2.2.2 Planarity and Fill Requirements 94 2.2.3 Antenna Rules 94 2.2.4 Latch-Up 95 2.3 Variability and Mismatch 96 2.3.1 Systematic Variations Including Prox...

Zusammenfassung

• The second edition of Analog Integrated Circuit Design focuses on several types of circuits that have increased in importance in the past decade. * The text is enhanced with material on CMOS IC device modeling, updated processing layout and expanded coverage to reflect technical innovations.

Inhalt

CHAPTER 1 INTEGRATED-CIRCUIT DEVICES AND MODELLING 1

1.1 Semiconductors and pn Junctions 1

1.1.1 Diodes 2

1.1.2 Reverse-Biased Diodes 4

1.1.3 Graded Junctions 8

1.1.4 Large-Signal Junction Capacitance 10

1.1.5 Forward-Biased Junctions 11

1.1.6 Junction Capacitance of Forward-Biased Diode 12

1.1.7 Small-Signal Model of a Forward-Biased Diode 13

1.1.8 Schottky Diodes 14

1.2 MOS Transistors 15

1.2.1 Symbols for MOS Transistors 16

1.2.2 Basic Operation 17

1.2.3 Large-Signal Modelling 22

1.2.4 Body Effect 25

1.2.5 p-Channel Transistors 26

1.2.6 Low-Frequency Small-Signal Modelling in the Active Region 26

1.2.7 High-Frequency Small-Signal Modelling in the Active Region 32

1.2.8 Small-Signal Modelling in the Triode and Cutoff Regions 35

1.2.9 Analog Figures of Merit and Trade-offs 37

1.3 Device Model Summary 39

1.3.1 Constants 40

1.3.2 Diode Equations 40

1.3.3 MOS Transistor Equations 41

1.4 Advanced MOS Modelling 43

1.4.1 Subthreshold Operation 43

1.4.2 Mobility Degradation 46

1.4.3 Summary of Subthreshold and Mobility Degradation Equations 48

1.4.4 Parasitic Resistances 48

1.4.5 Short-Channel Effects 49

1.4.6 Leakage Currents 50

1.5 SPICE Modelling Parameters 51

1.5.1 Diode Model 51

1.5.2 MOS Transistors 52

1.5.3 Advanced SPICE Models of MOS Transistors 52

1.6 Passive Devices 55

1.6.1 Resistors 55

1.6.2 Capacitors 59

1.7 Appendix 61

1.7.1 Diode Exponential Relationship 61

1.7.2 Diode-Diffusion Capacitance 63

1.7.3 MOS Threshold Voltage and the Body Effect 65

1.7.4 MOS Triode Relationship 67

1.8 Key Points 69

1.9 References 70

1.10 Problems 70

CHAPTER 2 PROCESSING AND LAYOUT 73

2.1 CMOS Processing 73

2.1.1 The Silicon Wafer 73

2.1.2 Photolithography and Well Definition 74

2.1.3 Diffusion and Ion Implantation 76

2.1.4 Chemical Vapor Deposition and Defining the Active Regions 78

2.1.5 Transistor Isolation 78

2.1.6 Gate-Oxide and Threshold-Voltage Adjustments 81

2.1.7 Polysilicon Gate Formation 82

2.1.8 Implanting the Junctions, Depositing SiO2, and Opening Contact Holes 82

2.1.9 Annealing, Depositing and Patterning Metal, and Overglass Deposition 84

2.1.10 Additional Processing Steps 84

2.2 CMOS Layout and Design Rules 86

2.2.1 Spacing Rules 86

2.2.2 Planarity and Fill Requirements 94

2.2.3 Antenna Rules 94

2.2.4 Latch-Up 95

2.3 Variability and Mismatch 96

2.3.1 Systematic Variations Including Proximity Effects 96

2.3.2 Process Variations 98

2.3.3 Random Variations and Mismatch 99

2.4 Analog Layout Considerations 103

2.4.1 Transistor Layouts 103

2.4.2 Capacitor Matching 104

2.4.3 Resistor Layout 107

2.4.4 Noise Considerations 109

2.5 Key Points 112

2.6 References 113

2.7 Problems 114

CHAPTER 3 BASIC CURRENT MIRRORS AND SINGLE-STAGE AMPLIFIERS 117

3.1 Simple CMOS Current Mirror 118

3.2 Common-Source Amplifier 120

3.3 Source-Follower or Common-Drain Amplifier 122

3.4 Common-Gate Amplifier 124

3.5 Source-Degenerated Current Mirrors 127

3.6 Cascode Current Mirrors 129

3.7 Cascode Gain Stage 131

3.8 MOS Differential Pair and Gain Stage 135

3.9 Key Points 138

3.10 References 139

3.11 Problems 139

CHAPTER 4 FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS 144

4.1 Frequency Response of Linear Systems 144

4.1.1 Magnitude and Phase Response 145

4.1.2 First-Order Circuits 147

4.1.3 Second-Order Low-Pass Transfer Functions with Real Poles 154

4.1.4 Bode Plots 157

4.1.5 Second-Order Low-Pass Transfer Functions with Complex Poles 163

4.2 Frequency Response of Elementary Transistor Circuits 164

4.2.1 High-Frequency MOS Small-Signal Model 164

4.2.2 Common-Source Amplifier 166

4.2.3 Miller Theorem and Miller Effect 169

4.2.4 Zero-Value Time-Constant Analysis 173

4.2.5 Common-Source Design Examples 176

4.2.6 Common-Gate Amplifier 179

4.3 Cascode Gain Stage 181

4.4 Source-Follower Amplifier 187

4.5 Differential Pair 193

4.5.1 High-Frequency T Model 193

4.5.2 Symmetric Differential Amplifier 194

4.5.3 Single-Ended Differential Amplifier 195

4.5.4 Differential Pair with Active Load 196

4.6 Key Points 197

4.7 R…