This book reviews methods for handling missing data, manipulated data, multiple confounders, predictions beyond observation, uncertainty of diagnostic tests, and the problems of outliers.

The first part of this title contained all statistical tests relevant to starting clinical investigations, and included tests for continuous and binary data, power, sample size, multiple testing, variability, confounding, interaction, and reliability. The current part 2 of this title reviews methods for handling missing data, manipulated data, multiple confounders, predictions beyond observation, uncertainty of diagnostic tests, and the problems of outliers. Also robust tests, non-linear modeling , goodness of fit testing, Bhatacharya models, item response modeling, superiority testing, variability testing, binary partitioning for CART (classification and regression tree) methods, meta-analysis, and simple tests for incident analysis and unexpected observations at the workplace and reviewed.

Each test method is reported together with (1) a data example from practice, (2) all steps to be taken using a scientific pocket calculator, and (3) the main results and their interpretation. Although several of the described methods can also be carried out with the help of statistical software, the latter procedure will be considerably slower.

Both part 1 and 2 of this title consist of a minimum of text and this will enhance the process of mastering the methods. Yet the authors recommend that for a better understanding of the test procedures the books be used together with the same authors' textbook "Statistics Applied to Clinical Studies" 5th edition edited 2012, by Springer Dordrecht Netherlands. More complex data files like data files with multiple treatment modalities or multiple predictor variables can not be analyzed with a pocket calculator. We recommend that the small books "SPSS for starters", Part 1 and 2 (Springer, Dordrecht, 2010, and 2012) from the same authors be used as a complementary help for the readers' benefit.

Methods that are easy on a pocket calculator and difficult on a software program are reviewed You better understand what you're doing Methodologies for which there is little software are reviewed Pocket calculators work faster, because summary statistics are used Includes supplementary material: sn.pub/extras Includes supplementary material: sn.pub/extras

Autorentext

Professor Zwinderman is past-president of the International Society of Biostatistics (2012-2015), and Professor Cleophas is past-president of the American College of Angiology (2000-2002). From their expertise they should be able to make adequate selections of modern methods for clinical data analysis for the benefit of physicians, students, and investigators. The authors have been working and publishing together for 17 years, and their research can be characterized as a continued effort to demonstrate that clinical data analysis is not mathematics but rather a discipline at the interface of biology and mathematics. The authors as professors and teachers in statistics at universities in The Netherlands and France for the most part of their lives, are convinced that the scientific method of statistical reasoning and hypothesis testing is little used by physicians and other health workers, and they hope that the current production will help them find the appropriate ways for answering their scientific questions.

Inhalt
Preface.-1 Introduction.-2 Basic logarithm for a better understanding of statistical methods.-3 Missing data imputation.-4 Assessing manipulated data.-5 Propensity scores and propensity score matching for assessing multiple confounders.-6 Markov modeling for predicting outside the range of observations.-7 Uncertainty in the evaluation of diagnostic tests.-8 Robust tests for imperfect data.-9 Non-linear modeling on a pocket calculator.-10 Fuzzy modeling for imprecise and incomplete data.-11 Goodness of fit tests for normal and cumulatively normal data.-12 Bhattacharya modeling for unmasking hidden Gaussian curves.-13 Item response modeling instead of classical linear analysis of questionnaires.-14 Superiority testing instead of null hypothesis testing.-15 Variability analysis with the Bartlett's test.-16: Binary partitioning for CART (classification and regression tree) methods.-17 Meta-analysis of continuous data.-18 Meta-analysis of binary data.-19 Physicians' daily life and the scientific method.-20 Incident analysis and the scientific method. Final remarks. Index.