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Autorentext

MICHAEL THRUSFIELD is Professor of Veterinary Epidemiology at the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies in the University of Edinburgh in Edinburgh, UK. ROBERT CHRISTLEY is Professor of Epidemiology and One Health at the Institute of Infection and Global Health and the Institute of Veterinary Science in the University of Liverpool in Liverpool, UK.

Zusammenfassung
Eine umfassende Einführung zur Rolle der Epidemiologie in der Veterinärmedizin. Die vollständig überarbeitete und erweiterte Ausgabe von Veterinary Epidemiology führt den Leser in das Fachgebiet der Veterinärepidemiologie ein. Diese neue Auflage bietet auch neue Kapitel zur Konzeption von Beobachtungsstudien, Validität von epidemiologischen Studien, zu systematischen Prüfungen und zu statistischen Modellen. Die aktualisierte Auflage beginnt mit einem historischen Blick auf die Entwicklung der Veterinärmedizin. Im Anschluss wird die Fachrichtung Epidemiologie umfassend beleuchtet. Kapitel befassen sich mit den Aspekten Kausalität, Auftreten von Krankheiten, Bestimmungsfaktoren, Krankheitsmustern, Krankheitsökologie u.v.m. Veterinary Epidemiology, 4. Auflage: - Alle Kapitel wurden aktualisiert. Entstanden ist ein modernes Referenzwerk zum Thema Veterinärepidemiologie. - Enthält neue Kapitel, die für die Entwicklung des Fachgebiets maßgeblich sind. - Bietet Beispiele zu Haustieren, Nutztieren und Vögeln sowie zu Krankheiten bei Wassertieren. - Richtet den Fokus auf Prinzipien und Konzepte der Epidemiologie, der Überwachung, der Validierung und Leistungsfähigkeit diagnostischer Tests. - Begleitende Website mit Multiple-Choice-Fragen.

Inhalt

Contributors xviii

From the preface to the first edition xix

From the preface to the second edition xx

From the preface to the third edition xxi

Preface to the fourth edition xxii

About the companion website xxiv

**1 The development of veterinary medicine 1
** Michael Thrusfield

Historical perspective 1

Domestication of animals and early methods of healing 1

Changing concepts of the cause of disease 2

Impetus for change 5

Quantification in medicine 10

Contemporary veterinary medicine 12

Current perspectives 12

The fifth period 19

Recent trends 20

Further reading 25

**2 The scope of epidemiology 28
** Michael Thrusfield

Definition of epidemiology 28

The uses of epidemiology 29

Types of epidemiological investigation 32

Epidemiological subdisciplines 33

Components of epidemiology 35

Qualitative investigations 35

Quantitative investigations 36

Epidemiology's locale 39

The interplay between epidemiology and other sciences 39

The relationship between epidemiology and other diagnostic disciplines 40

Epidemiology within the veterinary profession 40

Further reading 41

**3 Causality 42
** Michael Thrusfield

Philosophical background 42

Causal inference 43

Methods of acceptance of hypotheses 44

Koch's postulates 45

Evans' rules 45

Variables 46

Types of association 46

Non-statistical association 46

Statistical association 46

Confounding 49

Causal models 50

Formulating a causal hypothesis 53

Methods of deriving a hypothesis 53

Principles for establishing cause: Hill's criteria 55

Further reading 56

**4 Describing disease occurrence 58
** Michael Thrusfield

Some basic terms 58

Basic concepts of disease quantification 61

The structure of animal populations 62

Contiguous populations 62

Separated populations 65

Measures of disease occurrence 67

Prevalence 67

Incidence 67

The relationship between prevalence and incidence rate 70

Application of prevalence and incidence values 72

Mortality 72

Survival 73

Example of calculation of prevalence, incidence, mortality, case fatality and survival 75

Ratios, proportions and rates 76

Mapping 80

Geographic base maps 80

Further reading 84

**5 Determinants of disease 86
** Michael Thrusfield

Classification of determinants 86

Host determinants 89

Genotype 89

Age 90

Sex 91

Species and breed 92

Behaviour 93

Other host determinants 93

Agent determinants 94

Virulence and pathogenicity 94

Gradient of infection 97

Outcome of infection 98

Microbial colonization of hosts 100

Environmental determinants 101

Location 101

Climate 101

Husbandry 104

Stress 105

Interaction 106

Biological interaction 108

Statistical interaction 109

The cause of cancer 110

Further reading 112

**6 The transmission and maintenance of infection 115
** Michael Thrusfield

Horizontal transmission 115

Types of host and vector 115

Factors associated with the spread of infection 118

Routes of infection 121

Methods of transmission 123

Long-distance transmission of infection 125

Vertical transmission 129

Types and methods of vertical transmission 129

Immunological status and vertical transmission 129

Transovarial and trans-stadial transmission in arthropods 130

Maintenance of infection 131

Hazards to infectious agents 131

Maintenance strategies 132

Transboundary diseases 135

Further reading 136

**7 The ecology of disease 138
** Michael Thrusfield

Basic ecological concepts 139

The distribution of populations 139

Regulation of population size 142

The niche 148

Some examples of niches relating to disease 150

The relationships between different types of animals and plants 152

Ecosystems 155

Types of ecosystem 156

Landscape epidemiology 158

Nidality 159

Objectives of landscape epidemiology 161

Landscape characteristics determining disease distribution 164

Further reading 165

**8 Patterns of disease 168
** Michael Thrusfield

Epidemic curves 168

Kendall's Threshold Theorem 168

Basic reproductive number (R 0) 169

Dissemination rate 172

Common-source and propagating epidemics 172

The Reed-Frost model 173

Kendall's waves 175

Trends in the temporal distribution of disease 177

Short-term trends 177

Cyclical trends 178

Long-term (secular) trends 179

True and false changes in morbidity and mortality 180

Detecting temporal trends: time series analysis 180

Trends in the spatial and temporal distribution of disease 186

Spatial trends in disease occurrence 186

Space-time clustering 186

Further reading 187

**9 Comparative epidemiology 189
** Michael Thrusfield

Types of biological model 189

Cancer 191

Monitoring environmental carcinogens 191

Identifying causes 192

Comparing ages 193

Some other diseases 196

Diseases with a major genetic component 196

Some non-infectious diseases 197

Diseases associated with environmental pollution 198

Reasoning in comparative studies 199

Further reading 199

**10 The nature of data 201
** Michael Thrusfield

Classification of data 201

Scales (levels) of measurement 201

Composite measurement scales 204

Data elements 205

Nomenclature and classification of disease 205

Diagnostic criteria 207

Sensitivity and specificity 208

Accuracy, refinement, precision, reliability and validity 209

Bias 210

Representation of data: coding 210

Code structure 211

Numeric codes 212

Alpha codes 213

Alphanumeric codes 214

Symbols 215

Choosing a code 215

Error detection 216

Further reading 217

**11 Data collection and management 219
** Michael Thrusfield

Data collection 219

Questionnaires 219

Quality control of data 228

Data storage 229

Database models 229

Non-computerized recording techniques 231

Computerized recording techniques 232

Veterinary recording schemes 232

Scales of recording 232

Veterinary information systems 234

Some examples of veterinary databases and information systems 237

Geographical information systems 244

Further reading 248

**12 Presenting numerical data 251
** Michael Thrusfield and Robert Christley

Some basic definitions 251

Some descriptive stati…