This book originally appeared in Japanese in 1973 in the Iwanami Series of Fundamental Physics supervised by Professor Hideki Yukawa and pub lished by Iwanami-Shoten. A revised second edition was published in 1978. The task we set ourselves was to grasp the properties of matter as a whole in a unified scheme and to present a general view of matter incor porating the results of modern physics. To achieve this goal we have tried to explore the laws which describe the structure of macroscopic matter, namely, to ask in what kinds of phy sical states matter can, in principle, exist and why. Thus, using the meth ods of statistical physics and quantum mechanics, we have tried to syste matically describe the properties of matter from a unified point of view. Of course, we do not believe that such a standpoint can give an exhaus tive description of condensed matter. One of the important viewpoints which obviously is omitted in such a unified approach is the historical one, which follows the development of physics in the course of time.

Inhalt

1. Atoms as Constituents of Matter.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Atomic Scale.- 1.3 One-Electron Atoms and the Hydrogen Atom.- 1.4 Central-Field Approximation.- 1.5 Shell Structure of Atoms and Periodicity of the Elements.- 1.6 Stationary States of Atoms I.- 1.7 Stationary States of Atoms II.- 2. System of Protons and Electrons.- 2.1 General Comments.- 2.2 Electronic State of a Hydrogen Molecule.- 2.3 Systems Made of Hydrogen Molecules.- 2.4 Metallic State at High Density.- 2.5 Phase Diagram of the Proton-Electron System.- 3. Helium.- 3.1 Characteristics of Helium.- 3.2 Superfluidity.- 3.3 Phonons and Rotons.- 3.4 Liquid 3He; Fermi Liquid.- 4. Super fluid Helium 3.- 4.1 Basic Properties.- 4.2 Spin Triplet P-Wave Pairing.- 4.3 Physical Properties of ABM and BW States.- 4.4 Fermi Liquid Effects.- 4.5 Nuclear Spin Dynamics.- 4.6 Texture and Superfluidity.- 5. Metals.- 5.1 Characteristics of Metals.- 5.2 Band Theory of Metals.- 5.3 Fermi Surface.- 5.4 Pseudopotential of Simple Metals.- 5.5 Structure of Simple Metals,.- 5.6 Transition Metals.- 5.7 Alloys.- 5.8 Superconductivity.- 6. Nonmetals.- 6.1 Molecular Crystals.- 6.2 Ionic Crystals.- 6.3 Covalent Crystal.- 6.4 Hydrogen-Bonded Crystals.- 6.5 Electron Theory of Nonmetals (Semiconductors).- 6.6 Semimetals.- 6.7 Properties of Matter Under High Pressure.- 7. Localized Electron Approximation.- 7.1 A Simple Model for Tetrahedrally Bonded Semiconductors.- 7.2 Bond Orbital Model (BOM).- 7.3 Cohesive Energy and Stability of Crystal Structures.- 7.4 Relationship Between the BOM and EPM.- 8. Magnetism.- 8.1 Magnetic Properties of Solids.- 8.2 Magnetic Properties of Simple Solids.- 8.3 Mechanism of Spin Polarization and the Electronic State in Solids.- 8.4 Configurations of Spin Polarization in Magnetic-Ordered States.- 8.5 Collective Motion in Ordered States and Phase Transitions.- 8.6 Magnetic Properties of Dilute Alloys.- 8.7 Applications of Magnetic Measurements for Condensed Matter.- 9. Magnetic Properties of Dilute Alloys the Kondo Effect.- 9.1 Recent Investigations of the Kondo Effect.- 9.2 A Survey of Recent Experiments.- 9.3 Yosida-Yamada Theory.- 9.4 Renormalization Group Approach.- 10. Random Systems.- 10.1 Periodic and Aperiodic Systems.- 10.2 Point Defects.- 10.3 Line Imperfections and Dislocations.- 10.4 Cradle of Random Systems Melting of Crystals and Order-Disorder Phase Transition in Alloys.- 10.5 Noncrystalline Solids.- 10.6 Liquid Metals and Electronic and Vibrational States of Random Systems.- 11. Coherent Potential Approximation (CPA).- 11.1 Survey.- 11.2 A Few Examples of Experimental Results.- 11.3 Computer Simulations and Exact Solutions.- 11.4 Model Hamiltonian.- 11.5 One-Particle Green's Function.- 11.6 Approximations before CPA.- 11.7 Derivation and the Characteristic Features of the CPA.- 11.8 Applications of the CPA.- 11.9 Universality of the CPA.- References.