Bernard R. Gifford In the United States, the standardized test has become one of the major sources of information for reducing uncertainty in the determination of individual merit and in the allocation of merit-based educational, training, and employment opportunities. Most major institutions of higher education require applicants to supplement their records of academic achievements with scores on standardized tests. Similarly, in the workplace, as a condition of employment or assignment to training programs, more and more employers are requiring prospective employees to sit for standardized tests. In short, with increasing frequency and intensity, individual members of the political economy are required to transmit to the opportunity marketplace scores on standardized examinations that purport to be objective measures of their abilities, talents, and potential. In many instances, these test scores are the only signals about their skills that job applicants are permitted to send to prospective employers. THE NATIONAL COMMISSION ON TESTING AND PUBLIC POLICY In view of the importance of these issues to our current national agenda, it was proposed that the Human Rights and Governance and the Education and Culture Programs of the Ford Foundation support the establishment of a ''blue ribbon" National Commission on Testing and Public Policy to investigate some of the major problems, as well as the untapped opportunities, created by recent trends in the use of standardized tests, particularly in the workplace and in schools.

Inhalt
I Tests as Tools of Educational Policy: Theory, Attribution, and Belief.- Mandated Tests: Educational Reform or Quality Indicator?.- Student Achievement Tests as Tools of Educational Policy: Practices and Consequences.- Making Sense of School Testing.- The Irish Study Revisited.- II Tests in Educational Decision Making: Psychometric and Political Boundary Conditions.- Using Test Scores for Decision Making.- If Not Tests, Then What? Conference Remarks.- Advice to the Commission Conference Remarks.- III Language, Culture, Ethnicity, and Testing.- Aspects of Differential Performance by Minorities on Standardized Tests: Linguistic and Sociocultural Factors.- Ethnic Group Differences in the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) Performance of American Youth: Implications for Career Prospects.- Testing Bilingual Proficiency for Specialized Occupations: Issues and Implications.- Informal Assessment of Asian Americans: A Cultural and Linguistic Mismatch?.- Black and White Cultural Styles in Pluralistic Perspective.