Politics and Society in Early Modern Iraq

1 This study deals with the Mamliik period in Iraqi history (1750- 1831), and more particularly with later Mamliik times (1802-1831). The year 1831 marks the watershed between an era of 'local rule' and one of restored Turkish centralization. During the Mamliik period the influence of external powers in Iraq was not excessive; after that year direct Turkish rule coincided with growing British in fluence, which increasingly opened the country to the forces of the world market. As an object of study the period of local rule is inter esting, particularly because it formed the background to, and in some aspects also the start of, the modern history ofIraq. The literature available on Mamliik rule and tribal power is scarce and unsatisfying in various ways. The best history of 'Ottoman' Iraq is still that of Longrigg, which was written in the 1920's. However, although based on an admirable range of sources, it provides the reader with little more than a political chronology. Generally, the social and political historian of early modern Iraq is confronted with a lack of information of a very basic kind - if indeed he can find any 2 relevant information. For example, there is hardly any information on the Mamliik institution. Only the most scanty evidence exists on the history of the Yanissaris of Baghdad, or on the socio-political history of the lower orders of the town. Again, almost nothing is known about the lower orders of the sedentary rural world.

Inhalt
I. A Litany of Disasters.- II. The Structure of Maml?k Power.- The Sa'?d-D?w?d Struggle (18151816).- The build up of Maml?k dominance.- Aspects of Government.- Outside Baghdad.- Military aspects of Maml?k power.- Revenue and Maml?k power.- The Maml?ks and Baghdad.- Religious leaders, military men and the role of the quarters of Baghdad.- The political position of non-Moslem minorities.- The Porte and Baghdad.- The British role.- Instability and violence in Maml?k politics.- A short discourse on Mosul.- III. The Rural World.- The sedentary areas.- The political position of the villagers.- The tribal world.- The large tribal formations: migrations and territorial influence.- Economics and tribal structure.- The Tribal Structure.- Political authority in the tribal world.- Big shaykhs and the state.- IV. Résumé. The Background of Iraqi State Formation.- State and countryside.- The Maml?ks in the history of Iraq.- Notes.