Inhaltsverzeichnis Preface xi PART ONE: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER ONE The Dance of Racism: Perpetrators, Targets, Bystanders, and White Allies 3 Challenge, Change, and Transformation: The Racial Revolution 5 The Rise of Whiteness and White Supremacy 6 Addressing Racism 9 Critical Consciousness 10 Self-Reckoning 16 Anti-Racism (Words and Deeds) 19 The Dance of Racism 25 The Dance Metaphor 25 Final Words 28 References 29 PART TWO: THE DANCERS CHAPTER TWO Barriers to Perpetrator Awareness and Reparative Action 37 Overcoming Perpetrator Unawareness 39 Cognitive Barriers 40 Affective/Emotional Barriers 50 Behavioral Barriers 58 When Perpetrators Are Called Out 61 Strategies For Perpetrators To Break The Deadly Dance Of Racism 63 Conclusion 66 References 66 CHAPTER THREE Target Survival and Resilience: Overcoming Racism 73 The Prevalence of Racism Experienced by Targets: Who Are People of Color? 74 Discrimination Against African Americans 75 Discrimination Against Asian Americans 77 Discrimination Against Latinx (Hispanic) Americans 79 Discrimination Against Native Americans 81 Discrimination Against American Arab, Middle Eastern, and North African (AMENA) 83 Impact of Racism on People of Color 85 Microaggressive Harm to People of Color 86 Macroaggressive Harm to People of Color 87 The Consequences of Racial Trauma 89 Target Survival and Coping 93 Consciousness Raising 94 Self-Care Coping 95 Empowering for Action 98 References 100 CHAPTER FOUR Barriers to White Bystander Awareness and Anti-Racist Action 107 Forces Shaping Bystander Inaction or Action 108 The Bystander Effect: Silence and Inaction 109 Diffusion of Responsibility 110 Social Proof 111 Evaluation Apprehension 112 Costs/Benefits Explanation 113 Similarities and Relationships 114 The Racialization of Bystander Interventions 118 Conformity and Obedience to Authority 119 Isolation, Group Loyalty, Power, Secrecy, and Racism: Societal Implications 124 Everyday Racism and Microaggressions: Impact on Bystanders 128 Conclusions 136 References 137 CHAPTER FIVE Barriers to Ally Awareness: A Call for Courage 143 Aspirational Characteristics of White Allies 144 Demonstrate a Nuanced Understanding of Structural Racism and White Privilege 144 Enact a Continual Process of Self-Reflection About Their Positionality and Privilege 145 Experience a Sense of Responsibility to Use Their Racial Privilege to Facilitate Equity 145 Engage in Actions to Disrupt Individual and Structural Racism in Their Own Communities 146 Participate in Coalitions and Work in Solidarity with POC 146 Encounter Resistance, Prepare for Backlash, and Shore Up Resources to Persist 146 Potential Hazards of White Allyship: Reinforcing the Status Quo 147 Engaging in Superficial and Performative Gestures 147 Acting Paternalistically 148 Overidentifying with People of Color 149 Performative Allyship as a Starting Point? 150 Motivations for Ally Work 151 Childhood and Family Background 152 Critical Incidents or Turning Points 153 POC Perspectives of White Racial Justice Allies 154 White Allies Are Few and Far Between (Structural Barriers to Becoming an Ally) 156 The Emotional Labor of Allyship 158 Hesitancy to Act: White Ally Paralysis 160 Response Uncertainty 160 Fear of Punitive Consequences 161 Summary and Synthesis: The Hazards of White Racial Justice Allyship 162 How to Be an Effective White Ally: Strategies to Break the Dance 165...

Inhalt

Preface xi

PART ONE: INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER ONE The Dance of Racism: Perpetrators, Targets, Bystanders, and White Allies 3

Challenge, Change, and Transformation: The Racial Revolution 5

The Rise of Whiteness and White Supremacy 6

Addressing Racism 9

Critical Consciousness 10

Self-Reckoning 16

Anti-Racism (Words and Deeds) 19

The Dance of Racism 25

The Dance Metaphor 25

Final Words 28

References 29

PART TWO: THE DANCERS

CHAPTER TWO Barriers to Perpetrator Awareness and Reparative Action 37

Overcoming Perpetrator Unawareness 39

Cognitive Barriers 40

Affective/Emotional Barriers 50

Behavioral Barriers 58

When Perpetrators Are Called Out 61

Strategies For Perpetrators To Break The Deadly Dance Of Racism 63

Conclusion 66

References 66

CHAPTER THREE Target Survival and Resilience: Overcoming Racism 73

The Prevalence of Racism Experienced by Targets: Who Are People of Color? 74

Discrimination Against African Americans 75

Discrimination Against Asian Americans 77

Discrimination Against Latinx (Hispanic) Americans 79

Discrimination Against Native Americans 81

Discrimination Against American Arab, Middle Eastern, and North African (AMENA) 83

Impact of Racism on People of Color 85

Microaggressive Harm to People of Color 86

Macroaggressive Harm to People of Color 87

The Consequences of Racial Trauma 89

Target Survival and Coping 93

Consciousness Raising 94

Self-Care Coping 95

Empowering for Action 98

References 100

CHAPTER FOUR Barriers to White Bystander Awareness and Anti-Racist Action 107

Forces Shaping Bystander Inaction or Action 108

The Bystander Effect: Silence and Inaction 109

Diffusion of Responsibility 110

Social Proof 111

Evaluation Apprehension 112

Costs/Benefits Explanation 113

Similarities and Relationships 114

The Racialization of Bystander Interventions 118

Conformity and Obedience to Authority 119

Isolation, Group Loyalty, Power, Secrecy, and Racism: Societal Implications 124

Everyday Racism and Microaggressions: Impact on Bystanders 128

Conclusions 136

References 137

CHAPTER FIVE Barriers to Ally Awareness: A Call for Courage 143

Aspirational Characteristics of White Allies 144

Demonstrate a Nuanced Understanding of Structural Racism and White Privilege 144

Enact a Continual Process of Self-Reflection About Their Positionality and Privilege 145

Experience a Sense of Responsibility to Use Their Racial Privilege to Facilitate Equity 145

Engage in Actions to Disrupt Individual and Structural Racism in Their Own Communities 146

Participate in Coalitions and Work in Solidarity with POC 146

Encounter Resistance, Prepare for Backlash, and Shore Up Resources to Persist 146

Potential Hazards of White Allyship: Reinforcing the Status Quo 147

Engaging in Superficial and Performative Gestures 147

Acting Paternalistically 148

Overidentifying with People of Color 149

Performative Allyship as a Starting Point? 150

Motivations for Ally Work 151

Childhood and Family Background 152

Critical Incidents or Turning Points 153

POC Perspectives of White Racial Justice Allies 154

White Allies Are Few and Far Between (Structural Barriers to Becoming an Ally) 156

The Emotional Labor of Allyship 158

Hesitancy to Act: White Ally Paralysis 160

Response Uncertainty 160

Fear of Punitive Consequences 161

Summary and Synthesis: The Hazards of White Racial Justice Allyship 162

How to Be an Effective White Ally: Strategies to Break the Dance 165

Educate Yourself 165

Engage in Continual Reflexivity and Personal Growth 166

Work in White Communities 166

Develop Meaningful Relationships with POC 167

Amplify POC Voices, Listen, and Decenter Whiteness 168

Move Beyond Intention to Action 168

Develop Self-Care

Strategies to Persist 169

Visualizing Sustained and Accountable White Allyship 170

Conclusion 171

References 171

PART THREE: SOCIAL, SYSTEMIC, AND CULTURAL INFLUENCES THAT FACILITATE RACISM

CHAPTER SIX The Deadly Dance of Racism: Symbiotic Roles, Scripts, and Ground Rules 181

Unintended Consequences of Silence and Inaction 183

False Consensus Effect 184

Social/Bias Contagion Effect 186

The Role Relationships in the Dance of Racism 189

Communication and Intervention Styles 191

Sincerity, Authenticity, and Trust 193

Cultural Scripts and Ground Rules in the Dance of Racism 197

Cultural Narratives (Storytelling) and Racial Scripts 198

Protecting Racism: Ground Rules for Racial Interactions 202

Conclusion …