Somaclonal Variation and Induced Mutations in Crop Improvement

Genetic variability is an important parameter for plant breeders in any con ventional crop improvement programme. Very often the desired variation is un available in the right combination, or simply does not exist at all. However, plant breeders have successfully recombined the desired genes from cultivated crop gerrnplasm and related wild species by sexual hybridization, and have been able to develop new cultivars with desirable agronomie traits, such as high yield, disease, pest, and drought resistance. So far, conventional breeding methods have managed to feed the world's ever-growing population. Continued population growth, no further scope of expanding arable land, soil degradation, environ mental pollution and global warrning are causes of concern to plant biologists and planners. Plant breeders are under continuous pressure to improve and develop new cultivars for sustainable food production. However, it takes several years to develop a new cultivar. Therefore, they have to look for new technologies, which could be combined with conventional methods to create more genetic variability, and reduce the time in developing new cultivars, with early-maturity, and improved yield. The first report on induced mutation of a gene by HJ. Muller in 1927 was a major mi1estone in enhancing variation, and also indicated the potential applica tions of mutagenesis in plant improvement. Radiation sources, such as X-rays, gamma rays and fast neutrons, and chemical mutagens (e. g. , ethyl methane sulphonate) have been widely used to induce mutations.

Klappentext

The basic purpose of this book is to describe the relative value of each method of improving various agricultural crops by using parasexual techniques. While no book can be a complete source of all the information on a subject, a range of topics were selected to highlight the recent developments in mutagenesis (conventional approach and molecular biology) and in vitro induced variation in plant breeding. We have deliberately kept short the title of this book, simply emphasizing somaclonal variation and induced mutation. This book is divided into three sections. Section 1 contains 13 chapters mainly on somaclonal variation (SCV), covering SCV in crop improvement, SCV in ornamentals, cereals and forage grasses, banana, and forest trees, cytogenetic basis of SCV, in vitro selection, gametoclonal variation, protoclonal variation, and solanaceous medicinal plants. Section 2 deals with induced mutation, and is covered in 10 chapters mainly on mutagenesis in sugarcane, fruit trees, apomixsis, ornamental plants, disease resistance, cereals and legumes, and vegetatively propagated plants. Section 3 describes the molecular aspects of mutagenesis and somaclonal variation, insertional mutagenesis (T-DNA mutagenesis, transposons), and molecular methods for identifying somaclonal variation, RAPD markers in banana somaclones, and transgene expression.

Inhalt

1. Introduction.- 2. Somaclonal variation: mechanism and applications in crop improvement.- 3. Clonal variation in cereals and forage grasses.- 4. Genetic fidelity of plants regenerated from somatic embryos of cereals.- 5. Somaclonal variation in improving ornamental plants.- 6. Somaclonal genetics of forest trees.- 7. Gametoclonal variation in crop plants.- 8. Protoclonal variation in crop improvement.- 9. Chromosomal basis of somaclonal variation in plants.- 10. Somaclonal variation and in vitro selection for crop improvement.- 11. Somaclonal variation in crop improvement.- 12. Field performance of banana micropropagules and somaclones.- 13. Somaclonal variation in Solanaceous medicinal plants.- 14. Induced mutation in plant breeding: current status and future outlook.- 15. In vitro techniques and mutagenesis for the improvement of vegetatively propagated plants.- 16. Mutation breeding in cereals and legumes.- 17. Induced mutations in ornamental plants.- 18. In-vitro-induced mutations for disease resistance.- 19. EMS and transposon mutagenesis for the isolation of apomictic mutants in plants.- 20. Induced mutation in fruit trees.- 21. Induced mutations and somaclonal variation in sugarcane.- 22. Field performance of selected sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) mutants.- 23. Molecular basis of heritable tissue culture-induced variation in plants.- 24. Molecular and biochemical characterization of somaclonal variation.- 25. Recombinase-mediated gene integration in plants.- 26. T-DNA insertion mutagenesis and the untagged mutants.- 27. Phenotypic variation between transgenic plants: what is making gene expression unpredictable?.- 28. Transposable elements and genetic variation.- 29. Detection of dwarf somaclones of banana cultivars (Musa) by RAPD markers.