Sea-Dumped Chemical Weapons: Aspects, Problems and Solutions

This volume summarises the materials presented at the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Sea-Dumped Chemical Munitions, held in Kaliningrad (Moscow Region), Russia, in January 1995. The conference was sponsored by the NATO Division of Scientific and Environmental Affairs in the framework of its outreach programme to develop co-operation between NATO member countries and the Cooperation Partner countries in the area of disarmament technologies. The problem of the ecological threat posed by chemical weapons (CW) dumped in the seas after the Second World War deserves considerable international attention: the amount of these weapons, many of them having been captured from the German Army, is assessed at more than three times as much as the total chemical arsenals reported by the United States and Russia. They were disposed of in the shallow depths of North European seas - areas of active fishing - in close proximity to densely populated coastlines, with no consideration of the long-term consequences. The highly toxic material have time and again showed up, for instance when retrieved occasionally in the fishing nets, attracting local media coverage only. Nevertheless, this issue has not yet been given adequate and comprehensive scientific analysis, the sea-disposed munitions are not covered by either the Chemical Weapons Convention or other arms control treaties. In fact, the problem has been neglected for a long time on the international level. Only recently were official data made available by the countries which admitted conducting dumping operations.

Zusammenfassung
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on `Sea-Dumped Chemical Munitions', Kaliningrad (Moscow Region), Russia, January 12-15, 1995

Inhalt
Welcoming Address.- War Gases and Ammunition in the Polish Economic Zone of the Baltic Sea.- Pre-Convention Liquidation of Soviet Chemical Weapons.- Chemical Echo of the Wars.- Special Study on the Sea Disposal of Chemical Munitions by the United States.- Investigation of a Dumping Area in the Skagerrak, 1992.- Sea-Dumped Chemical Weapons and the Chemical Weapons Convention.- How to Save the Baltics from Ecological Disaster.- Unexploded Ordnance Devices: Detection, Recovery and Disposal.- The Technological Problems with Sea-Dumped Chemical Weapons from the Standpoint of Defence Conversion Industries.- Technological Questions of Safe Elimination of CW Dumps on the Baltic Sea Bed.- Application of Anti-Filtering Coatings for Localisation of Toxic Warfare Chemicals in the Baltic Sea Area.- Chemical-Analytical Control of Environmental Pollution by Warfare Agents and their Degradation Products.- Chemical Weapons on the Seabed.- Reaction Products of Chemical Agents by Thermodynamic Calculations.- Bacterial Biodegradation of Nitrate Ester Explosives.- Chemical Weapons Dumping and White Sea Contamination.