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Through ten editions, Fox and McDonald's Introduction to Fluid Mechanics has helped students understand the physical concepts, basic principles, and analysis methods of fluid mechanics. This market-leading textbook provides a balanced, systematic approach to mastering critical concepts with the proven Fox-McDonald solution methodology. In-depth yet accessible chapters present governing equations, clearly state assumptions, and relate mathematical results to corresponding physical behavior. Emphasis is placed on the use of control volumes to support a practical, theoretically-inclusive problem-solving approach to the subject. Each comprehensive chapter includes numerous, easy-to-follow examples that illustrate good solution technique and explain challenging points. A broad range of carefully selected topics describe how to apply the governing equations to various problems and explain physical concepts to enable students to model real-world fluid flow situations. Topics include flow measurement, dimensional analysis and similitude, flow in pipes, ducts, and open channels, fluid machinery, and more. To enhance student learning, the book incorporates numerous pedagogical features including chapter summaries and learning objectives, end-of-chapter problems, useful equations, and design and open-ended problems that encourage students to apply fluid mechanics principles to the design of devices and systems.

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Chapter 1 Introduction 1

1.1 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics 2

Note to Students 2

Scope of Fluid Mechanics 3

Definition of a Fluid 3

1.2 Basic Equations 4

1.3 Methods of Analysis 5

System and Control Volume 6

Differential versus Integral Approach 7

Methods of Description 7

1.4 Dimensions and Units 9

Systems of Dimensions 9

Systems of Units 10

Preferred Systems of Units 11

Dimensional Consistency and "Engineering" Equations 11

1.5 Analysis of Experimental Error 13

1.6 Summary 14

References 14

Chapter 2 Fundamental Concepts 15

2.1 Fluid as a Continuum 16

2.2 Velocity Field 17

One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows 18

Timelines, Pathlines, Streaklines, and Streamlines 19

2.3 Stress Field 23

2.4 Viscosity 25

Newtonian Fluid 26

Non-Newtonian Fluids 28

2.5 Surface Tension 29

2.6 Description and Classification of Fluid Motions 30

Viscous and Inviscid Flows 32

Laminar and Turbulent Flows 34

Compressible and Incompressible Flows 34

Internal and External Flows 35

2.7 Summary and Useful Equations 36

References 37

Chapter 3 Fluid Statics 38

3.1 The Basic Equation of Fluid Statics 39

3.2 The Standard Atmosphere 42

3.3 Pressure Variation in a Static Fluid 43

Incompressible Liquids: Manometers 43

Gases 48

3.4 Hydrostatic Force on Submerged Surfaces 50

Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Submerged Surface 50

Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Submerged Surface 57

3.5 Buoyancy and Stability 60

3.6 Fluids in Rigid-Body Motion 63

3.7 Summary and Useful Equations 68

References 69

Chapter 4 Basic Equations in Integral Form for a Control Volume 70

4.1 Basic Laws for a System 71

Conservation of Mass 71

Newton's Second Law 72

The Angular-Momentum Principle 72

The First Law of Thermodynamics 72

The Second Law of Thermodynamics 73

4.2 Relation of System Derivatives to the Control Volume Formulation 73

Derivation 74

Physical Interpretation 76

4.3 Conservation of Mass 77

Special Cases 78

4.4 Momentum Equation for Inertial Control Volume 82

Differential Control Volume Analysis 93

Control Volume Moving with Constant Velocity 97

4.5 Momentum Equation for Control Volume with Rectilinear Acceleration 99

4.6 Momentum Equation for Control Volume with Arbitrary Acceleration 105

4.7 The Angular-Momentum Principle 110

Equation for Fixed Control Volume 110

Equation for Rotating Control Volume 114

4.8 The First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics 118

Rate of Work Done by a Control Volume 119

Control Volume Equation 121

4.9 Summary and Useful Equations 125

Chapter 5 Introduction to Differential Analysis of Fluid Motion 128

5.1 Conservation of Mass 129

Rectangular Coordinate System 129

Cylindrical Coordinate System 133

5.2 Stream Function for Two-Dimensional Incompressible Flow 135

5.3 Motion of a Fluid Particle (Kinematics) 137

Fluid Translation: Acceleration of a Fluid Particle in a Velocity Field 138

Fluid Rotation 144

Fluid Deformation 147

5.4 Momentum Equation 151

Forces Acting on a Fluid Particle 151

Differential Momentum Equation 152

Newtonian Fluid: Navier-Stokes Equations 152

5.5 Summary and Useful Equations 160

References 161

Chapter 6 Incompressible Inviscid Flow 162

6.1 Momentum Equation for Frictionless Flow: Euler's Equation 163

6.2 Bernoulli Equation: Integration of Euler's Equation Along a Streamline for Steady Flow 167

Derivation Using Streamline Coordinates 167

Derivation Using Rectangular Coordinates 168

Static, Stagnation, and Dynamic Pressures 169

Applications 171

Cautions on Use of the Bernoulli Equation 176

6.3 The Bernoulli Equation Interpreted as an Energy Equation 177

6.4 Energy Grade Line and Hydraulic Grade Line 181

6.5 Unsteady Bernoulli Equation: Integration of Euler's Equation Along a Streamline 183

6.6 Irrotational Flow 185

Bernoulli Equation Applied to Irrotational Flow 185

Velocity Potential 186

Stream Function and Velocity Potential for Two-Dimensional, Irrotational, Incompressible Flow: Laplace's Equation 187

Elementary Plane Flows 189

Superposition of Elementary Plane Flows 191

6.7 Summary and Useful Equations 200

References 201

Chapter 7 Dimensional Analysis and Similitude 202

7.1 Nondimensionalizing the Basic Differential Equations 204

7.2 Buckingham Pi Theorem 206

7.3 Significant Dimensionless Groups in Fluid Mechanics 212

7.4 Flow Similarity and Model Studies 214

Incomplete Similarity 216

Scaling with Multiple Dependent Parameters 221

Comments on Model Testing 224

7.5 Summary and Useful Equations 225

References 226

Chapter 8 Internal Incompressible Viscous Flow 227

8.1 Internal Flow Characteristics 228

Laminar versus Turbulent Flow 228

The Entrance Region 229

Part A. Fully Developed Laminar Flow 230

8.2 Fully Developed Laminar Flow Between Infinite Parallel Plates 230

Both Plates Stationary 230

Upper Plate Moving with Constant Speed, U 236

8.3 Fully Developed Laminar Flow in a Pipe 241

Part B. Flow in Pipes and Ducts 245

8.4 Shear Stress Distribution in Fully Developed Pipe Flow 246

8.5 Turbulent Velocity Profiles in Fully Developed Pipe Flow 247

8.6 Energy Considerations in Pipe Flow 251

Kinetic Energy Coefficient 252

Head Loss 252

8.7 Calculation of Head Loss 253

Major Losses: Friction Factor 253

Minor Losses 258

Pumps, Fans, and Blowers in Fluid Systems 262

Noncircular Ducts 262

8.8 Solution of Pipe Flow Problems 263

Single-Path Systems 264

Multiple-Path Systems 276

Part C. Flow Measurement 279

8.9 Restriction Flow Meters for Internal Flows 279

The Orifice Plate 282

The Flow Nozzle 286

The Venturi 286

The Laminar Flow Element 287

Linear Flow Meters 288

Traversing Methods 289

8.10 Summary and Useful Equations 290

References 292

Chapter 9 External Incompressible Viscous Flow 293

Part A. Boundary Layers 295

9.1 The Boundary Layer Concept 295

9.2 Laminar Flat Plate Boundary Layer: Exact Solution 299

9.3 Momentum Integral Equation 302

9.4 Use of the Momentum Integral Equation for Flow with Zero Pressure Gradient 306

Laminar Flow 307

Turbulent Flow 311

9.5 Pressure Gradients in Boundary Layer Flow 314

Part B. Fluid Flow About Immersed Bodies 316

9.6 Drag 316

Pure Friction Drag: Flow over a Flat Plate Parallel to the Flow 317

Pure Pressure Drag: Flow over a Flat …