Autorentext

RAFAEL RUBIO NÚÑEZ is Professor of Constitutional Law at the Complutense University of Madrid. A leading expert in electoral and parliamentary law, he advises international organizations on transparency, digital governance, and electoral integrity and has published extensively on political participation and freedom of expression. FREDERICO FRANCO ALVIM is a legal expert in electoral law and disinformation, with advisory experience at Brazil's Superior Electoral Court. He has published on electoral justice, media integrity, and democratic resilience. He is a founding member of the Brazilian Academy of Electoral and Political Law. VITOR DE ANDRADE MONTEIRO is a PhD candidate in Constitutional Law at the Complutense University of Madrid. He is a specialist in procedural and electoral law, with published work focusing on digital democracy and comparative constitutional analysis.

Inhalt

About the Authors viii

Prologue xi

Acknowledgments xviii

Introduction 1

Bibliography 6

Chapter 1 High-Risk Elections in a New Sociopolitical Environment 11

1.1 From Analog Campaigns to Technopolitics: The Era of High-Risk Elections 13

1.1.1 Premodern Campaigns 13

1.1.2 Modern Campaigns 15

1.1.3 Postmodern Campaigns 17

1.2 Digital Elections: A New Era for Election Campaigns 25

1.2.1 Algorithmic Communication 31

1.3 Electoral Rights and Artificial Intelligence 36

1.4 The Impact of Artificial Intelligenceon Conscious Voting Decisions 42

1.4.1 Conscious Voting and the Cognitive Wars 43

1.4.2 The Need for an Ethical Use of Artificial Intelligence in Campaigning 45

Bibliography 49

Chapter 2 Uses of Artificial Intelligence in Campaigns: Informational Dysfunctions in Political Communication 62

2.1 Artificial Intelligence at the Service of Democracy 64

2.2 Artificial Intelligence at Odds with Democracy 71

2.2.1 Disinformation and the Manipulation of Reality 77

2.2.1.1 Disinformation 77

2.2.1.2 Infoxication 79

2.2.1.3 Fake Support (Astroturfing) 83

2.2.1.4 The Hose Effect (Firehosing) 88

2.2.1.5 The Misrepresentation of Reality 89

2.2.1.6 Superficial Falsifications (Cheapfakes, Shallowfakes) 94

2.2.1.7 Deepfakes 97

2.2.2 Fragmentation, Polarization, Destabilization, and Instigation of Conflict 105

2.2.2.1 Polarizing Content 111

2.2.2.2 Radical Content 115

2.2.2.3 Extremist Content 118

2.2.3 The Rupture of Equity and Neutrality in Communication 123

2.2.4 Harassment, Discrimination, and Political Violence 131

2.2.5 Cognitive Hacking 139

2.2.5.1 Psychographic Segmentation 143

2.2.5.2 The Use of Fear 147

2.2.5.3 Bespoke Cheating 148

2.2.5.4 The Protection of Privacy 150

2.2.6 The Dispersion of Control 152

Bibliography 154

Chapter 3 The Regulatory Response 171

3.1 Preliminary Responses 173

3.1.1 The First Regulations 180

3.1.1.1 The European Union's Response 181

3.1.1.2 The Council of Europe 189

3.1.1.3 North America 190

3.1.2 Self- Regulation 193

3.2 The Response of Electoral Bodies (Brazil) 197

3.2.1 Authorization to Use Artificial Intelligence 198

3.2.2 Prohibitions on the Electoral Use of Artificial Intelligence 201

3.2.3 The Platforms' Obligations 205

3.2.4 Types of Behavior Targeted by Regulation 215

3.2.5 Effects on Freedom of Expression 224

3.2.6 Transparency and Data Protection 229

3.3 A Global, Comprehensive, and Necessary Response 234

3.3.1 First Global Responses 237

3.3.2 The Foundations of Regulation 238

3.3.3 The Central Role of Electoral Bodies 241

Bibliography 243

Index 254