Biomolecular Engineering Solutions for Renewable Specialty Chemicals

Discover biomolecular engineering technologies for the production of biofuels, pharmaceuticals, organic and amino acids, vitamins, biopolymers, surfactants, detergents, and enzymes

In Biomolecular Engineering Solutions for Renewable Specialty Chemicals, distinguished researchers and editors Drs. R. Navanietha Krishnaraj and Rajesh K. Sani deliver a collection of insightful resources on advanced technologies in the synthesis and purification of value-added compounds. Readers will discover new technologies that assist in the commercialization of the production of value-added products.

The editors also include resources that offer strategies for overcoming current limitations in biochemical synthesis, including purification. The articles within cover topics like the rewiring of anaerobic microbial processes for methane and hythane production, the extremophilic bioprocessing of wastes to biofuels, reverse methanogenesis of methane to biopolymers and value-added products, and more.

The book presents advanced concepts and biomolecular engineering technologies for the production of high-value, low-volume products, like therapeutic molecules, and describes methods for improving microbes and enzymes using protein engineering, metabolic engineering, and systems biology approaches for converting wastes.

Readers will also discover:

• A thorough introduction to engineered microorganisms for the production of biocommodities and microbial production of vanillin from ferulic acid
• Explorations of antibiotic trends in microbial therapy, including current approaches and future prospects, as well as fermentation strategies in the food and beverage industry
• Practical discussions of bioactive oligosaccharides, including their production, characterization, and applications
• In-depth treatments of biopolymers, including a retrospective analysis in the facets of biomedical engineering

Perfect for researchers and practicing professionals in the areas of environmental and industrial biotechnology, biomedicine, and the biological sciences, Biomolecular Engineering Solutions for Renewable Specialty Chemicals is also an invaluable resource for students taking courses involving biorefineries, biovalorization, industrial biotechnology, and environmental biotechnology.

Autorentext

R. Navanietha Krishnaraj, PhD, is Research Professor in the Composite and Nanocomposite Advanced Manufacturing-Biomaterials Center in the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering at the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology. He received the Award for Cutting Edge Research (Fulbright Faculty Award) in 2016.

Rajesh K. Sani, PhD, is Professor in the Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering at South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, South Dakota, USA. He is the Biocatalysis Program Committee Member for the Society for Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology.

Inhalt

Preface xvii List of Contributors xix 1 Engineered Microorganisms for Production of Biocommodities 1 Akhil Rautela and Sanjay Kumar 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Fundamentals of Genetic Engineering 2 1.2.1 DNA-altering Enzymes 2 1.2.1.1 DNA Polymerases 4 1.2.1.2 Nucleases 4 1.2.1.3 Ligases 5 1.2.1.4 DNA-modifying Enzymes 6 1.2.2 Vectors 7 1.2.3 Incorporation of Modified DNA into Host 8 1.2.3.1 Introducing Recombinants into Prokaryotes 8 1.2.3.2 Introducing Recombinants into Eukaryotic Hosts 9 1.2.4 Selection of Transformants 10 1.2.4.1 Direct Selection 10 1.2.4.2 Identification of the Clone from a Gene Library 11 1.3 Beneficial Biocommodities Produced Through Engineered Microbial Factories 12 1.3.1 Biopolymers 13 1.3.1.1 Cellulose 14 1.3.1.2 Poly-upsilon- glutamic Acid 15 1.3.1.3 Hyaluronic Acid 16 1.3.1.4 Polyhydroxyalkoate 18 1.3.2 Organic Acids 20 1.3.2.1 Citric Acid 21 1.3.2.2 Lactic Acid 23 1.3.2.3 Succinic Acid 24 1.3.2.4 Fumaric Acid 26 1.3.3 Therapeutic Proteins 27 1.4 Photosynthetic Production of Biofuels 28 1.4.1 Biohydrogen 29 1.4.2 Biodiesel 30 1.4.3 Bioethanol 31 1.4.4 Terpenoids 32 1.5 Conclusion 34 References 34 2 Microbial Cell Factories for the Biosynthesis of Vanillin and Its Applications 49 Sukumaran Karthika, Manoj Kumar, Santhalingam Gayathri, Perumal Varalakshmi, and Balasubramaniem Ashokkumar 2.1 Introduction 49 2.2 Natural Sources of Vanilla and Its Production 51 2.3 Biotechnological Production of Vanillin 52 2.3.1 Enzymatic Synthesis of Vanillin 52 2.3.2 Microbial Biotransformation of Ferulic Acid to Vanillin 54 2.3.3 Agro-wastes as a Source for Biovanillin Production 58 2.4 Strain Development for Improved Production of Vanillin 60 2.4.1 Metabolic and Genetic Engineering 60 2.5 Bioactive Properties of Vanillin 63 2.5.1 Antimicrobial Activity 63 2.5.2 Antioxidant Activity 63 2.5.3 Anticancer Activity 64 2.5.3.1 Apoptosis Pathway 64 2.5.3.2 Tumor Necrosis Factor-induced Apoptosis 64 2.5.3.3 Cell Cycle Arrest 65 2.5.3.4 Nuclear Factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) Pathway 65 2.5.4 Anti-sickling Activity 65 2.5.5 Hypolipidemic Activity 66 2.6 Conclusion 66 Acknowledgments 66 References 67 3 Antimicrobials: Targets, Functions, and Resistance 77 Madhuri Dutta, Sinjini Patra, Shivam Saxena, and Anasuya Roychowdhury 3.1 Introduction 77 3.2 Classification of Antibiotics 77 3.2.1 Classification of Antibiotics Based on Mode of Action: Bactericidal and Bacteriostatic 78 3.2.2 Classification of Antibiotics Based on the Spectrum of Action: Broad-and Narrow-spectrum Antibiotics 79 3.3 Antibacterial Agents 79 3.3.1 Penicillins 79 3.3.1.1 Mechanism of Action 82 3.3.1.2 Clinical Implications 83 3.3.2 Cephalosporins 83 3.3.2.1 Mechanism of Action 83 3.3.2.2 Clinical Indications 85 3.3.3 Macrolides 85 3.3.3.1 Mechanism of Action 85 3.3.3.2 Clinical Indications 85 3.3.4 Fluoroquinolones 86 3.3.4.1 Mechanism of Action 86 3.3.4.2 Clinical Indication 86 3.3.5 Sulfonamides 87 3.3.5.1 Mechanism of Action 87 3.3.5.2 Clinical Indication 88 3.3.6 Tetracyclines 88 3.3.6.1 Mechanism of Action 88 3.3.6.2 Clinical Indication 88 3.3.7 Aminoglycosides 89 3.3.7.1 Mechanism of Action 89 3.3.7.2 Clinical Indication 89 3.4 Antifungal Agents 89 3.4.1 Polyenes 90 3.4.1.1 Mechanism of Action 90 3.4.1.2 Clinical Indication 90 3.4.2 Azoles 90 3.4.2.1 Mechanism of Action 90 3.4.2.2 Clinical Indication 93 3.4.3 Echinocandins 93 3.4.3.1 Mechanism of Action 94 3.4.3.2 Clinical Indication 94 3.4.4 Flucytosine 95 3.4.4.1 Mechanism of Action 95 3.4.4.2 Clinical Implication 95 3.5 Antiviral agents 95 3.6 Antiparasitic Agents 98 3.6.1 Antiprotozoan Agents 98 3.6.2 Antihelminthic Agents 101 3.6.3 Ectoparasiticides 101 3.7 Antimicrobial Resistance 101 3.7.1 Genetic Basis of AMR 102 3.7.2 Mechanistic Basis of Antimicrobial Resistance 102 3.8 Conclusion 103 Acknowledgment 104 References 104 4 Trends in Antimicrobial Therapy: Current Approaches and Future Prospects 111 Mohan Kumar Verma, Santhalingam Gayathri, BalasubramaniemAshokkumar, and Perumal Varalakshmi 4.1 Introduction 111 4.2 Antibiotics: A Brief History 112 4.2.1 Classification of Antibiotics 113 4.2.2 Evolution of Antibiotics 113 4.2.3 Mechanism of Action of Antibiotics 113 4.3 AMR: A Global Burden 113 4.3.1 Global Scenario 114 4.3.2 Origin of SUPERBUGS and the "END of Antibiotics" 116 4.4 Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence 117 4.4.1 Molecular Insights and Mechanism of AMR 117 4.4.2 Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria 118 4.4.2.1 Horizontal Gene Transfer 118 4.4.2.2 Increased Mutation Rate 118 4.4.2.3 Antibiotic Inactivation 118 4.4.2.4 Alteration of the Antibiotic Targets 119 4.4.2.5 Changes in Cell Permeability and Efflux 119 4.4.2.6 The Major Facilitator Superfamily 119 4.4.2.7 The ATP-Binding Cassette Superfamily 119 4.4.2.8 The Multidrug and Toxic Compound Extrusion Family 120 4.4.2.9 The Resistance-Nodulation-Division (RND) Superfamily 120 4.4.2.10 The Small Multidrug-Resistance Family 120 4.4.3 Development of Antibiotic Resistance 120 4.4.4 Prioritization of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria 120 4.4.5 Understanding Bi…